Comparing Heart of Darkness and Wuthering Heights Essay -- Comparison

Similarities between Heart of Darkness and Wuthering Heights Although Joseph Conrads novel, Heart of Darkness, and Emily Brontes, Wuthering Heights, were written in different era, they do in fact share a few similarities. First of all, Heart of Darkness and Wuthering Heights compare in the look that both novels draw on their respective authors personal experiences. Emily Bronte, who wrote in the latter Romantic Period but also had characteristics of Victorian writers, was left motherless at the age of two and spent most of her animation with her father and siblings in Haworth, England. It was in this location that Emily first experienced the moors that play a critical eccentric of her novel linking Wuthering Heights with Thushcross Grange. The moors was the area Heathcliff and Catherine would escape to when things were difficult. Haworth was a town that was isolated and surrounded by moors much like the setting of Wuthering Heights is described. Also, Emily Bronte parallels her own life in the manner in which she creates motherless characters. For example, Catherine and Hindley lose their mother at a young age as well as Catherine eventually dies expiration her young daughter, Catherine motherless. Joseph Conrad draws on his own person al experiences in his novel, Heart of Darkness. Joseph Conrad had always been enthralled with the open oceans, maps, and uncharted territories of the African continent. He was hired by a British Company to operate a small steamship on the African Congo. He went on this trip and while there began belongings journals that would later become the basis for this novel. Secondly, the authors of Wuthering Heights and Heart of Darkness both write their novels in the narrative fr... ...bright and upbeat feeling. It is true of both novels, for every practised there is an evil. In Wuthering Heights, the characters are paired. For instance, two opposite households and the contrast of characters in Heathcliff vs. Linton. We see th e coalition of good verses bad in Heart of Darkness, in the differentiable manner in which Conrad writes o f the black and the white. The underlying tone of Heart of Darkness is the oppression of the British over the African natives in the Congo. In conclusion, many years separate Wuthering Heights and Heart of Darkness. The issues at hand facing these two authors were different, however they do possess similar ways of expressing to their readers the heart they hope to convey. Works Cited Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness Gersh, Marianna. Heart of Darkness

Symbols and Symbolism in Edgar Allan Poes The Masque of the Red Death

The Red devastation had long devastated the coun drive. No pestilence had ever been so fatal or so hideous. Blood was its incarnation and it seal - the redness and the horror of blood... - Edgar Allan Poe (Regarding the plague of the Red Death) The plague Edgar Allan Poe spoke of in his short story The Masque of the Red Death was one of slay and utter misery that defaced whomever it struck. While this pestilence was surging throughout the country mentioned in the story, a man by the name of Prince Prospero decided to attempt to shaft death out of its cold and icy grip. He along with a group of the most elite of the time closed themselves in one of the Princes abbeys to try to wait out the death that lurked everywhere outside the castle walls. Several months after their escape from civilization, Prospero held a masked ball for his friends, when to their utter horror, death make its way in and killed all of the fancy dressraders. Through this short story, Poe depicts t he underlying theme that death is inevitable, and trying to escape it is one of the most futile actions one freighter do. By reading this piece, the reader gains a lot of insight into the way Poes mind worked, and the events in his life that inspired him to write in the way that he did. Pieces Poe wrote, such as The Masque of the Red Death, show the intertwined nature Poes stories took with his real life situation. The most profound characteristic surrounding The Masque of the Red Death is the symbolism Poe incorporates into even the simplest of elements. Symbolism runs rampant throughout the story, and, to the unaware reader, these gems of Poes character may be overlooked. The peculiar characteristic about the symbolism Poe depicts is that al... ...jority did not empathise the amount of suffering that went into each and every word. Works Cited Bloom, Harold, et al. The Tales of Poe. New York Chelsea House, 1987. Broussard, Louis. The Measure of Poe. University Of Okla homa Press Norman, 1969. Burduck, Michael. Grim Phantasms Fear in Poes Short Fiction. New York Garland, 1992. Dudley, David. jobless or Alive The Booby-Trapped Narrator of Poes Masque of the Red Death. Studies in Short Fiction. Newberry College, vol. 30 Spring 1993. 169-174. Halliburton, David. Edgar Allan Poe A Phenomenological View. Princeton University Press, 2015. Kesterson, David et al. Critics on Poe. Florida University of Miami Press, 1973. Womack, Martha. The Masque of the Red Death. Publisher Christoffer Nilsson, 1997. Web. 4 June 2015.http//www.poedecoder.com/essays/masque/

Wilsons 14 Points vs. the Treaty of Versailles :: World War I History

Wilsons 14 Points vs. the Treaty of VersaillesWhen the peace processes were to start after the finishing of World War One, there were four sight who were major components in the treaty of Paris Clemenceau, George, Orlando, and Wilson. Clemenceau wanted r tear downge on the Germans by punishing them through the treaties because he believed that they were at fault for the war George was in agreement with Clemenceau although he did not feel that Germany should suffer severe punishment Orlando who wanted the irredenta to be re-established and President Wilson of the United States of America wanted to give rise a mild peace with Germany in a fair way. In view of this, Wilson created fourteen points that he wanted accomplished in full as a result of the peace treaties. His fourteen points were his plan for a world peace and included plans for the end of secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, the effective settlement of colonial claims, the establishment of a L eague of Nations, and the evacuation of occupied territories and subject area self-determination. Many of his points were carried out in the Treaty of Versailles, although not all of them were prosperous or followed completely. Wilsons fourth point in his plan was the reduction of national armaments. He stated that there should be adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments would be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. In the Treaty of Versailles, it was stated that the German army was to be limited to 100,000 and that Germany was not allowed to muster in its citizens or to have an air force. Also, Germany was no longer allowed to operate submarines because of the unrestricted submarine warfare that they had displayed during the war, and their naval ships were limited in size and in the center that they were permitted to own. Furthermore, the Rhineland was to be permanently disarmed and occupied by the Allies for fifteen years to ensure th at there would be no attacks against France that might start another war. In addition to this, it was stated that Germany would never be allowed to unite with Austria because they would form an incredibly strong fighting force. This resulted in much complaining by the Germans on the discover that they believed they were being left without a military force significant enough to protect themselves. Also, the treaty did not require any of the other countries to perform even the slightest demilitarization.

Perception And Platos Theaetetus :: essays research papers

Plato discusses theories of companionship throughout his famous dialogue, the Theaetetus. He discusses many different rooms of learning and attempts to define knowledge. Platodoes this through a conversation betwixt a few characters Socrates, the famousphilosopher Theodorus, an aged friend and philosopher of Socrates and Theaetetus, a young person man who is introduced to Socrates before a discussion. One aspect of knowledgewhich they review is light. It is delineate and explained by Socrates, to the young andinnocent Theaetetus. comprehension is delimitate by Floyd H. Allport in his book, Theories of Perception andthe Concept of Structure, as the panache things look to us, or the way they sound, feel, taste,or smell. It is not the way things are exactly, but the way we see them or because itinvolves all of the five senses, the way we perceive them. Perception is not restricted to position only, the world has countless numbers of sounds, smells, and textures.Perception is the way things look to us because even though something mightseem to be sensation way, it is another. For example, the Muller-Lyer illusion makes battalion seetwo lines of different lengths, while the lines are the same size. This illustrates the factthat just because you perceive something to be a certain way does not correspond that it is true. Truth and perception do not necessarily coincide. This is also true with belief. Whenseeing something that is too far fetched to be real, then you disclose it hard to believe. Perception is merely an experience which is just a stage along the causal processleading to belief. Perception is not truth or belief, but it is an crucial (however, notnecessary) step to reaching them.In Platos Theaetetus, the three characters in the conversation have a discussion onperception and how it relates to the world. Plato recounts Socrates telling the youngTheaetetus how, contrary to his belief, perception is not knowledge. Perception is toovaried, Socrat es says. He gives the example of a breeze blowing one man can be made frozen from the wind, while the man next to him might not be cold at all. The blowing windis the same temperature, but as defined above, perception is the way things look to us.Perception And Platos Theaetetus essays research papers Plato discusses theories of knowledge throughout his famous dialogue, the Theaetetus. He discusses many different ways of learning and attempts to define knowledge. Platodoes this through a conversation between a few characters Socrates, the famousphilosopher Theodorus, an aged friend and philosopher of Socrates and Theaetetus, ayoung man who is introduced to Socrates before a discussion. One aspect of knowledgewhich they review is perception. It is defined and explained by Socrates, to the young andinnocent Theaetetus.Perception is defined by Floyd H. Allport in his book, Theories of Perception andthe Concept of Structure, as the way things look to us, or the way they sound, feel, taste,or smell. It is not the way things are exactly, but the way we see them or because itinvolves all of the five senses, the way we perceive them. Perception is not restricted tosight only, the world has countless numbers of sounds, smells, and textures.Perception is the way things look to us because even though something mightseem to be one way, it is another. For example, the Muller-Lyer illusion makes people seetwo lines of different lengths, while the lines are the same size. This illustrates the factthat just because you perceive something to be a certain way does not mean that it is true. Truth and perception do not necessarily coincide. This is also true with belief. Whenseeing something that is too far fetched to be real, then you find it hard to believe. Perception is merely an experience which is just a stage along the causal processleading to belief. Perception is not truth or belief, but it is an important (however, notnecessary) step to reaching them.In Platos Theaet etus, the three characters in the conversation have a discussion onperception and how it relates to the world. Plato recounts Socrates telling the youngTheaetetus how, contrary to his belief, perception is not knowledge. Perception is toovaried, Socrates says. He gives the example of a breeze blowing one man can be madecold from the wind, while the man next to him might not be cold at all. The blowing windis the same temperature, but as defined above, perception is the way things look to us.

arab women :: essays research papers

For many generations, women vowed to give their all, and instead of receiving the equal treatment of love and appreciation, they were oppress and degraded. In Egypt, a womanhood did not have the right to divorce herself therefore, she had to put up with all the humiliation, mistreatment, unfairness, and inequality everyday. Today, women are celebrating the new law of Khul, which gives the woman the right to divorce herself with or without her oppressors consent, but the question is does the woman become really free? In our parents days, women had truly suffered extremely damaging marriages, universe totally helpless and with no power. Some women tried to use their parents, others employ the police, and some just accepted bad marriages as their fate. In the cases where the husband treats his married woman aggressively by beating and causing injuries, the woman can provide evidence by police records and hospital certificates, but men always confute these evidence by saying that t he wife caused these injuries herself. Thanks to the khul law women can finally move a step forward in gaining their rights, while travel closer to equality with men. However, we also see that many other factors still affect a womans decision of whether or not to stimulate a divorce, and some consequences of freely taking this decision. In the Egyptian society, the marriage relationship is a very sacred one. It assembles between a man and a woman who are supposed to have common characteristics and their relation to be built on mutual understanding. Accordingly, almost all couples experience a intelligent and comfortable life in their earliest years of marriage. However, after they become accustomed to each other, the defects of each begin to appear and they may reach a point where they are unable to tolerate each other, let alone live and raise a family together. So, problems arise and lead to divorce. Yet, divorce is extremely tough for women for several reasons. First, womens families and the society do not accept divorce easily. Second, men have the right of divorce whenever they want. Third, according to the old divorce law, women used to face many problems in courts to obtain divorce. But according to the new law khul, women will be able to obtain their freedom easily, and they will be able to face their families and society by the force of law and Islamic Shariaa.

My Life, My Emotions Essay -- Essay About Myself

We are who we pretend to be, so we must be careful of who we pretend to be Kurt Vonnegut Theme- a subject of discourse, discussion, meditation, or report topic (Dictionary.com). A bag is something that makes up a huge, important part of a story it gives the story an identity. A theme holds the story all together, and the theme that holds my story together is Whirlwind of Emotions. My life is full of ups and downs, so there is no one emotion that rules my life. These emotions come at unpredictable times, and I affect everyone roughly me in a negative or a positive way as a result. There are five major emotions that affect me willy-nilly at times Contemplative, Stressed Out, Ambitious, Maniacal, and Hopefulness, and there are five different sources that represent each of the emotions in my life and theme.I am a on the whole different person when I am ruminative. I get hold more enlightened (Couldridge 2014). According to Dictionary.com, contemplative means, thoughtful observation. When I am contemplative, I am more aware of the events going on around me, in a positive way. I feel desire I can accomplish anything if I really try my best. I usually feel this way when I am at religious services, when I can look inward and feel enlightened. I am at pure peace (Couldridge 2014). I act like a completely different person when Im contemplative Im calmer and able to do a lot more things than if I was stressed out. I get a whole lot of things make quicker, easier, and better when I am contemplative. I notice things that I would never see in a rage (Couldridge 2014). I feel, at those points in my life, like I am in control, and not a ticking time bomb that everyone needs to watch their step around. At these mome... ...gs driving me to do sedate or safe things. My Whirlwind of Emotions theme describes my life, and the five sources also give anyone a better understanding of what they are and how they affect me. Works Cited1.Couldridge, Lily. Personal Inte rview. 20 April 20142.Dictionary.com.Dictionary.com Team, 2014. Web. 4 May 2014.3.Dunbar, Brian. July 20, 1969 One Giant Leap for Mankind. NASA. NASA,19 July 2013. Web. 20 April 2014. http//www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11_40th.html.U2a7bDdOUdU4.Frost, Robert. The Road Not Yet Taken. Bartleby.com. N.D. Web. 20 April 2014. http//www.bartleby.com/119/1.html5.Park, Linkin. Breaking the Habit. Meteora. N.D. Song6.Stevenson, Robert Louis. The crazy Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Raleigh, NC Alex Catalogue, 1886. Print7.The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2010. Web. 4 May 2014.

Microeconomics Samuelson Essay

Explain how the cool head might go out the essential positive economic analysis to implement the normative pass judgment judgments of the warm heart. Do you agree with Marshalls view of the role of the teacher? Do you accept his challenge? In order to achieve the last-ditch goal of economic science which is to improve the living conditions of people in their everyday merrys (*) a cool head attitude has the knowledge and wisdom acquired by means of a life meter relation to the economic momentum.Balancing this with a warm heart compassion vision, and a willingness to improve society, is the most appropriate way to engage certain economic models in order to acquire economic sustainability with social improvement. We agree with Marshalls view which was conceived through a social embodied accountability. We, as leaders, accept his challenge through developing projects which should be non only profitable entirely also socially accepted and with respect to the environment. Also, we should utilisation our cool heads to objectively take challenges and make difficult decisions that will lead us to a prosperous society with a sustainable economic growth. nigh scientists believe that we ar rapidly depleting our natural resources. Assume that there make up only two inputs (labor and natural resources) producing two goods (concerts and gasoline) with no improvements in societys technology over time. A. Show what would happen to the PPF over time as natural resources are exhausted. B. How would invention and technological improvement modify your answer? On the basis of this example, explain why it is said that economic growth is a race mingled with depletion and invention. It is said that economic growth is a race between depletion and invention because the continuous use of the natural resources of a country will tend to deplete them, over a long period of time but in the contrary, the invention of new technologies can extend a country PPF making a race between them, since both things usually happens at the equivalent time. Chapter 2 1. doubtfulness 1 . What determines the composition of national output? In most cases, we say that there is consumer sovereignty meaning that consumers decide how to spend their income on the basis of taste and market prices.In other cases, decisions are made by political choices of legislatures. Consider the following examples transportation, education, police, energy efficiency of appliances, health- make out coverage, video recording advertising. For each, follow whether the allocation is by consumer sovereignty or by political decision. Would you change the method of allocation for any of these goods? National Output includes the total amount of goods and work that a country is capable to produce in a certain period of time. It is also known as the country?A country has the responsibility to decide what outputs to produce and in what quantity, how to produce them and for whom should they be produce d. In a market society, the national output is influenced by consumer tastes and the resources and technology available in the country. On the other hand, brasss may intervene to compensate for market failures that usually occurs inside a country, or to fund social programs. Here there are some examples that show mixed economies between consumer sovereignty and government interventions.Generally speaking transportation means are controlled by the offstage sector through companies that provide transportation wait ons such as airlines, company taxis, trains, etc. Inside a country, there also exists public transportation for those people who can not afford the private one. In Peru, specially for the ground transportation, the government plays a fundamental role regulating tariffs, taxes and making sure we have a base hit an organized transportation system in the country for the society. Education In a country generally exists public and private education.Usually, private schools te nd to have a higher price but also delivering high bore and it is market driven. There are different private schools with different prices in the market. On the other hand, public education is provided by the government to lower socio economic levels in order to make education accessible to the whole population. Government applies procedures in order to maximize its quality. In Peru for example the government is trying to break the poverty cycle incentivizing the rural population to attend school through monetary allowances.There are also regulations in terms of the requirements asked for being a public teacher, the education syllabus of the country, etc. Police Police is a government regulated service to the population which is part of the arm forces of a country. Its function is to assure security to the population. However, in some countries where there is scarce resources allocated to this public entity, private police petrol are created. In Peru even in rural areas where poli ce is not present, communities organize themselves to fight against crime. Energy efficiency of appliancesEnergy is a strategic scarce resource for a country. Therefore, the importance of having government regulations to control it, its tariffs while having private companies supplying the service in order to assure this service on the long term to the community. Health care coverage Health care is a private and public good also. Government provides health care services to the majority of the population by building public hospitals and providing insurance coverage programs. Usually private health care provides a higher quality service and is accessible to higher socio-economic levels of the population.Television advertising It is a consumer sovereignty good, driven basically by program ratings and market price. Usually, the government owns public television channels but even in those cases the advertising is not controlled. What government usually does is to control advertising of so me products such as cigars, or the time and programs where you can advertise such products. Would you change the method of allocation for any of these goods? We would not change the method of allocation for any of the goods mentioned above.We think that in the examples mentioned, a mixed economy of public and private goods is the best to make services accessible to the whole population while having a market driven economy. However, if we customized this scruple to the Peruvian reality, we think that an example where government could intervene more is the banking regulations entity which should improve the credit policies in order to create a sustainable finance growth. 2. Question 3. This chapter discusses many market failures areas in which the invisible hand guides the economy poorly, and describes the role of government.It is possible that there are, as well, government failures government attempts to curb market failures that are worse than the original market failures? Think of some examples of government failures. Give some examples in which government failures are so bad that it is better to live with the market failures than to try and correct them. A possible failure can be represented by a tax system that discourages private and immaterial investments in the country that at the end will affect governments income.Another example is a bad monetary policy in which inorganic emission of currency will impact over inflation rate dramatically, affecting purchasing power of nationals (Peru 1985) . During this time Peru suffered more than 7000% inflation generating scarceness of basic goods and creating a parallel black market. During this time, another bad example would be that the banking system was nationalized and generated a lack of confidence in the population towards the banking system, loosing a high percentage of the savings of the population decreasing the countrys investment.

What economics is Essay

What political economy is and how you may occasion economicals in your future career and/or your daily life?After World war II, economy is increasingly becoming the focus of national competition in the world. Furthermore, political economy as a new breach of clement sciences is applied widely in human daily life as well. For example, almost every iodin has to consider price, tax, money and welfare in real life. It open fire be seen from that economics toy a signifi cant role in human life. This essay volition discuss what is economics and analyses how to use economics in my daily life from economics knowledge, economics logic adroitness and economic analysis skill three aspects.Economics is a new subject in human sciences and the history of it is non as long as other subjects, so there are amount of different theories in this subject and different schools have different opinions active it, even the definition of economics. In Austrian school, the economist Mises (1998) d efines that Economics is the theory of all human action, the general science of the immutable categories of action and of their operation hapless all thinkable special conditions under which man acts. While the economics Gans, King, Stonecash& Mankiw (2012, p3) think that Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Actually, there is no mannequin answer of what is economics, spate depends on their own experience can have diversity opinions about this question. In my view, economics is a subject which teach people how to thinking objectively and manage things more effectively. It focuses on macroscopic view and microcosmic view in real life.Economics pervades every aspect of peoples life, so we can use it to change and improve ore life. Firstly, I can use Economics knowledge to realise more profit. Economic theories are summarized by economists and it can show economics trend, thus people can follow these law of economics to deduce future economics trends . Follow these deductions, they can invest whatsoever businesses so that they ordain have considerable revenue from these businesses. For example, if i am able to forecast stocks, i will buy some stocks when the price is low and sell them at a high price. This will brings me a huge income. Moreover, economics knowledge will help me save money.For instance, i can use demand and supply theory to guess when the goods priceis low, thus i will save money comparing with other people. In addition, the people who is upright in economics means it is easier to muster up a high-paid job than others, the reason why is most of high-paid jobs are nearly almost associate with business and these jobs requirement economics knowledge to management and have them, such as business manager, accountants, Stock managers and so on. After i graduate from university i can find these jobs. To sum up, economics knowledge not only helps me gaining and saving money, but also helps me gets more high-paid em ployments.Secondly, i can use economics logic skill to identify the truth and false in real life and make decision more wisely and objectively. Marking is a significant element in economy, sometimes a excellent marking marketing tactics will help company have a good selling, so how to keep clearly mind in the tempting marketing tactics is an important skill for people. Gans, King, Stonecash& Mankiw (2009, p3) indicate one principle of economics in their book, it is people face trade-offs. From this principle, we can know everything in the world is not free, everything we gain should be sacrificed. Thus when i buy goods, i will remind me this economic principle and convert myself do not be lied by marketing tactics and buy some unnecessary goods. Furthermore, if i want have my own businesses, i may need economics, because it will help me thinking more objectively and broadly so that i can make right decision in business.For example, Gans, King, Stonecash& Mankiw (2009, p9) state ano ther principle rational people think at margin in their book as well. This principle is necessary to chief who control the companies future, when they face several suddenly changes in business. In another word, company leader should change the plans, while the cost and value of projects change. This margin thinking is one of objective thinking skills. To sum up, i can use economic logic to make objective and wise decision in my business in my future and to be a rational consumer in real life.Finally, i can use economic analysis skill to understand situations what i have. Specifically, situations shared two things, one is frequent policy. Every country have their own public economic policies, authorities will make different laws to regulate economy. For example, everyone should cave in tax togovernment. But if you do not know the economics, you will not understand the tax law and tax standard or know how to make tax planning, then you may feel unhappy or angry with your government . Callahan (2004, p27) also argue this opinion, Another benefit of an understanding of economics is that it is crucial to evaluating questions of public policy. She points out we can judge salary or tax is fair or not through economics analysis. Personally it is significant to employee and I will analysis economics policy and according to these to make or change my economic plans in my life.The other situation is society circumstance. Economic change will lead to a series of influence on peoples life. For instance, the rate of unemployment is an important data to employee and students who will graduate from university. If they understand the meaning hidden behind the data, they may try to do something to avoid suffering from this unemployment crisis. I will analysis the economic trend and change my plan as well. Only understanding a thing, you can accept it. Thus, i will always use economic analysis skill to understand situations what i have in the future.In conclusion, economics is not only a subject of science, but also a regulating and controlling economy skill. It not only teaching people economic knowledge, but also cultivating peoples personal and cultural value. It is not a single discipline, it needs to combine other subjects to research and learning, such as philosophy, politics and so on. In the future, I will use economic knowledge to find a high paid job or invest projects and use economics logic skill to make sure i make right decisions and use economic analysis skill to understand and think situations what i have. quoteCallahan, G. (2004). Economics for real people (2nd ed). Auburn, Alabama Ludwig von Mises Institute.Gans, J., King, S., Stonecash, R., & Mankiw, N. G. (2012). Principles of economics (5th ed.). New South Wales, Australia Cengage Learning.Mises, L., v.(1998). Human Action A Treatise on Economics. Retrieved fromhttp//books.google.com.au/books?id=bqhZRn5zWA4C&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266&dq=Economics+is+the+theory+of+all+human+action,+the+gener al+science+of+the+immutable+categories+of+action+and+of+their+operation+under+all+thinkable+special+conditions+under+which+man+acts&source=bl&ots=5UHNDVcP_E&sig=FBD_JFuAf-dTVZQT8dmEBdgo2wI&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&ei=FtEyU63wHMWplQXDpoGwAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAgv=onepage&q=Economics%20is%20the%20theory%20of%20all%20human%20action%2C%20the%20general%20science%20of%20the%20immutable%20categories%20of%20action%20and%20of%20their%20operation%20under%20all%20thinkable%20special%20conditions%20under%20which%20man%20acts&f=false

Direct & Indirect Leadership

Direct vs. validatory Leadership The term leadership is a word taken from the common expression and incorporated into the technical vocabulary, of a scientific discipline without being precisely redefined. As a consequence, it carries extraneous connotations that create ambiguity of meaning (Janda, 1960). Leadership has been depict as the process of social influence, in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common labor movement. Social influence occurs when an individuals thoughts, feelings or actions argon affected by other people, i. e onformity, peer pressure and socialization. (Wikipedia). The military definition of Leadership is influencing peopleby providing purpose, direction, and motivationwhile operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization. Getting people to do what you want them to do. It is the means or method to achieve deuce ends operating and improving. But theres more than to influencing than sim ply passing along orders. The example you set is just as important as the jawing to you speak. And you set an examplegood or badwith every action you take and word you utter, on or off duty.Through your words and example, you moldiness communicate purpose, direction, and motivation (FM 22-100 Chapter 1The Leadership Framework). Military leadership could be different from the rest of the world. Most corporations, companies and jobs are not bound by and oath, some may be. But what they do fetch in common, you dont get to pick your leadership style. In the army you were sworn by an oath to declare the Constitution of the United States, against all enemies foreign and domestic so help you God and obey the orders of those appointed over you.In others words you didnt have a choice, to pick what style of leadership you wanted. Most military leadership is a form of direct leadership. Generals communicate with field Commanders through teleconference, e-mails and speeches updating and ta lk about rules and regulation that effect their immediate command. Reinforcing, the army mission, its values and goals. Commanders are different they provide direct and mediate leadership, they are the ones loo to the ground solider.Examples of direct leadership include formations, inspections and motor pool visits. They meet with their chain of command on a daily basis, to discuss and update them on changes to policies and regulation. Ensuring that all rules and regulation are being followed according to Department of Defense (DOD) and Uniform Code of Military Justice addressing all concerns and issues under their Chain of Command. Examples of more direct leadership include memos too change to policy, speaking at New Solider Orientation and before field training exercise.A form of indirect leadership by a chief operating officer is called cascading (Bass, Waldman, Avolio, & Bebb, 1987 Waldman & Yammarino, 1999 Yammarino, 1994), occurs when the direct influence of the CEO on immed iate subordinates is transmitted down the authority hierarchy of an organization (e. g. , from the CEO to middle managers, to lower-level managers, to regular employees. In this case the United States Army, through their promotion system. The Army is looking to retain, recruit and promote soldiers whose attitude, values (youre vs. Army), military familiarity and appearance stack up against theirs through the promotion systems.Military Leadership Development Courses schooling design educate, reinforce the leader to achieve excellence. The Leader of type and Competence Acts Valves, Be, Know and Do. Values are Loyalty, Selfless Service and Integrity. Be loyal, mental, physical and emotional strong. Know Interpersonal, Technical and Tactical skills. Do Influencing, through communication and decision making. Operating, executing and assessing missions/training. Improving, through team building, developing and learning (FM 22-100 Chapter 1 The leadership Framework Fig 1-1).The type of leadership depends on the type of organizations that you are in or working for. One leadership style do not fit every situation. Strengths and Weaknesses Direct Strengths Everyone knows whos in charge. Leaders or Managers has all the power, employees has very little input. Weakness employees have no input, everything is enforce from the top down Employees may not take any initiative Indirect Strengths Employees can brainstorm come up with different ideas on how to accomplish the task/mission. Weakness Could be time consuming, no one can take hold on how to accomplish the task No one wants to accept responsibility

Rehabilitation or Retribution? Essay

The expectations of society for the criminal justice system atomic number 18 to visit and rehabilitate individuals who have confideted crime. Punishment and reclamation are two acknowledged objectives of the criminal justice system, Retribution, which is based on an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth philosophy, obviously means penalization and vengeance for what evils have done. speckle reclamation, as Nicholas Tan (1999) noned that is the idea of curing an offender of his or her criminal tendencies, of changing their habits, their outlook and possibly even personality, so as to drop them less inclined to commit crimes in the future, the main plan of rehabilitation is to help prisoners to get some skills in prison, so that when they re-enter into society, they dirty dog adapt quickly to the new environment.Debates over these two notions have lasted for a long season, many would argue that the main purpose of prison systems is to punish spate who have committed crimi nals. While this should be the secondary function of prisons, the most important function should be rehabilitating criminals back to the society, not just retribution. As a new-fashioned survey showed that over 60 percent respondents agreed that prison should reform prisoners, rather than punish them (Human Rights and Justice Studies, 2000). In this essay, it will argue that rehabilitation is a more(prenominal) efficient way to help prisoners rather than retribution by illustrating advantages of rehabilitation.Some theorists throughout history have argued that the primary purpose of prisons is to punish criminals for what they have done, criminals should get punished when they break the law. When they are sent into prisons, as punishment, they certainly do not have rights to watch TV, access to internet and so on. However, some people may disagree with this, because going into prison is already a punishment, criminals have already lost their freedom, they should not suffer extra p unishment by being denied other human rights while in prison.After all, punishment is not the ultimate goal of prisons, redemption from sin is the basic aim of prisons. The root of all crime is due to the lack of commandment and training, if prisons preventoffenders from receiving education or learning information from outside, then after released, they may tonus alienated from society and not be accepted by society, and employers will not employ those who do not have knowledge or subscriber line skills which will deterio stray the situation of recidivism. Therefore, rehabilitation should be the main purpose of prisons, for it promotes the humanizing belief in the notion that offenders can be saved and not simply punished (Nicholas. T.,1999).However, some people are afraid that if allow prisoners to receive education or access to internet may provide an environment to compensate better criminals. Whereas Dr Paul Fauteck (2006) argued that the prison education programs are not co ddling criminals, society in general benefits from prison education programs. The basic aim of receiving education in prisons is to help them reintegrate and rehabilitate into society, so that they will not be alienated from society.Receiving education in prisons does not necessarily suggest prisoners will commit high technological crime after they get released, in other words, the possibilities for offenders to commit high technological crime after they receive prison education are quite remote, after all, in some cases, prisoners can be educated to understand why their actions were wrong, and be allowed back into normal society with the fortuity of positively effecting society (Wikia, Inc., 2007). Contrarily, if prisons do not provide educational materials, then the possibilities for recidivism will be very great because of the rejection of society.While some dissenters controvert that rehabilitation is not efficient on helping criminals, because statistics have shown that more t han half criminals got rearrested after they released about two or three years. In fact, criminal rehabilitation works to reduce recidivism, it is a cost efficient form of crime prevention (Paul. F, 2006). For example, some medicine could work to cure some offenders, and indeed, the most recent studies show that they do work. Such programs include pro-social modeling programmes, and some sex-offender treatment programs.This research demonstrates that the net effect of treatment is, on average, a positive simplification of overall recidivism (re-offending) rates of between 10% and 12%, which would promote a reduction in crime (Nicholas.T., 1999). From thisperspective, it is easy to say that rehabilitation helps to reduce the rate of recidivism, if prisons do not provide these treatments or knowledge, then nothing will ever change. Moreover, rehabilitation can also help them to realize that being in prisons are disastrous which is a good way to stop them re-entering into prisons.Yet, rehabilitation and punishment are mutually exclusive goals, but they become more and more integrated in modern society, since the late 18th century prisons have combined elements of punishment with elements of rehabilitation. As the French philosopher Michel Foucault put it, punishment shifted over time from the disciplining of the body to the disciplining of the soul (Politics.co.uk, 2007). Therefore, incarceration sentences should provide for a set term of rehabilitation followed by a set term of punishment. Furthermore, rehabilitation and rehabilitation are both important, they should work together to punish and change criminals.To sum up, retribution theory focus more simply on punishment which is very barbaric, and it should not be encouraged in modern society. While the notion of rehabilitation is more humanism and flexible, it can help prisoners by providing education and trainings, so the current aim of prison systems should rehabilitate and reform criminals, not simply pu nish them.REFERENCES_Crime_ (2007), cited from http//campaigns.wikia.com/wiki/CrimeNicholas Tan (1999), _Rehabilitation vs Retribution_, cited from international debate education association, http//www.idebate.org/debatabase/topic_details.php?topicID=307Paul Fauteck (2002-2006), Criminal rehabilitation-criminal recidivism rates, cited from http//www.going-straight.com/

Book of Negroes Essay

As an old wo globe, Aminata Diallo is brought to London, England, in 1802, by abolitionists who are petitioning to end the knuckle down trade. As she awaits an audience with King George, she recounts her remarkable life story on paper, beginning with her life in Bayo, in western Africa, prior to being abducted from her family at long time 11, seeing the death of her mother and father, and being marched in a coffle of captives to the coast along with others from her village. Chekura, a boy of similar age who assists the slave catchers, is at the decision minute abducted himself and forced to join Aminata on the slave ship.Despite suffering humiliation, witnessing atrocities, enduring squalor and languishing in starvation, Aminata survives the passage to America because she is able to apply the knowledge and skills passed on to her by her parents, especially the ability to catch babies and to understand some African languages. In South Carolina, Aminata is aucti unitaryd off to an indigo woodlet, along with a man from her village who has lost his senses during the ocean crossing.She learns the language of the buckra through the teachings of Georgia, an American-born slave, as well as from Mamed, the overseer of the plantation. Daily, Aminata must navigate the new dangers of disease and the eye of the plantation master while she searches for a way to return to her homeland. As she carries Chekuras child, she is warned that Master Appleby could take it away at any time. Sure enough, at cardinal months, Aminatas son, Mamadu, is sold by Appleby and Chekura also disappears. Stricken with grief, Aminata falls into a depression and refuses to work on the plantation.Appleby sells her to Solomon Lindo, the indigo inspector of the region, and she departs for a new life in Charles Town where Lindo promises to treat her as a servant rather than as a slave in that she works for wage and pays rent to Lindo. During orgy in New York City that coincides with the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, Aminata is presented with an opportunity to escape and does so, while Lindo is forced to flee back to the Carolinas. Aminata quickly makes new friends and connections and supports herself by catching babies and working at a tavern, all the while helping others by teaching them how to read and write.Following the surrender of the British, former slaves who have worked for unrivalled year or more behind the lines for the British are offered asylum in Nova Scotia. These peoples names are recorded in a ledger called The Book of Negroes, penned in part by Aminata because of her knowledge of many languages. Aminata and Chekura reunite and are given passage aboard the ship Joseph, but Appleby returns for one final act of vengeance against Aminata he makes a claim to her, separating her from Chekura once more.While Chekura continues to Nova Scotia, Aminata must stand trial, and it is Solomon Lindo who ends up setting her free. Aminata lands in Shelburne, No va Scotia, on the travel Loyalist ship, and she has to use her talents as a baby catcher, reader and teacher once again to survive, for the sake of herself and her unborn child, as she prepares for the journey to reunite with Chekura in Annapolis Royal. However, her inquiries come up empty. May, their three-year-old child, is abducted by the Witherspoons, a white couple who had befriended Aminata, and Aminata returns to a life without hope.When the opportunity arises for Aminata to cross the ocean again to begin a colony in Sierra Leone, Africa, she is shocked to learn of Chekuras death and decides to make the journey to her homeland. The struggle to maintain the colony of Freetown under the lead of the Sierra Leone Company is complicated by its proximity to Bance Island and the slave trade. Relations with the local Temne are strained, and tempers flare when slave coffles are marched directly in foregoing of Freetown. Longing to see her beloved Bayo village, Aminata agrees to tra vel back to Bance Island to secure passage into the interior.However, one month into her journey inland, she learns of the betrayal that she is to be sold back into thralldom she flees for days until she finds sanctuary in a village. Realizing that she will never return to her true home, she leaves for London to join the abolitionists to end thraldom. She writes an account of her life that is shared in Parliament, and she meets with King George III and Queen Charlotte Sophia. Because of the attention from the newspapers, Aminatas long-lost daughter, May, finds her after an eighteen-year separation and takes care of her in her old age as the struggle to end slavery continues in Parliament.

A Comparison Between Dulce Et Decorum Est and Pro Patria Essay

The First humanness War was the first truly modern war. Its atrocities and huge death toll changed volumes views of war drastically. pro patria, by Owen Seaman and Dulce et Decorum est by Wilfred Owen atomic number 18 both war poems written around the time of the First World War, and as such share certain surface properties. However, the two poems differ hugely in their implicit meaning and intentions, giving the two poems many baneful differences between their texts.Both poems use metaphor. Seaman uses metaphor when mentioning the brute sword and soldiers using storied scutcheons, a blaringly inaccurate image to conjure up the nous of chivalry and knights in shining armor, giving that the contradicting would be fair and glorious, as opposed to the mass slaughter and unimaginable tortures spelled verboten in Owens Dulce et Decorum est. seaman also makes use of anthropomorphisation, making England out as some great, good but indistinct creature. He refers to England as a worl d of some sort, writing of its pleas for peace at the nations bar, stating that England call fored to go to war to keep its honor. Owen uses metaphor to show the state of the soldiers in his poem, manifestation that the men were drunk with fatigue. The use of simile is more found only in his poem, when he talks about soldiers bent double, like beggars to a lower place sacks and coughing like hags. The use of simile as opposed to metaphor adds to the realness of the poem.Both war poems have religious undertones. The use of Latin in both texts aids this, mimicking the Latin masses of the Catholic Church. Seaman says that those left at home whilst their sons go to war must(prenominal) be strong in faith and in prayer and that they should ask what offering we may consecrate, suggesting to the people back home to turn to their faith for comfort, and to be willing to put on up the luxuries of a quiet life for the greater good. Dolce et Decorum est, on the other hand, uses the idea of the devils face to describe the human face of a throttle valve victimHis hanging face, like a Devils sick of sinThe comparison also describes the world weariness of the soldier, what atrocities must a devil be to be sick of sin?Both poems are trying to affect the publics views on the war. Pro Patria is basically a propaganda poem, an invention used to great effect during the Boer war and revived at the advent of the First World War. The poems early references to honor and duty are to provoke young men into singing up for the army, fabricating images of glorious victory in their minds, and carefully avoiding the nitty gritty mechanics of it, the living in squalid trenches and the likelihood of death.The later sections of the poem are addressed to the parents of the warrior sons urging them to keep a stiff upper lip, or as he puts it to hush all rough clamor of the street. The reason for this is that if every time a mother received a letter from the M.O.D telling her that her son was dead she were to rush out into the street screaming OH MY GOD, MY POOR HARRY HES GONE other mothers and fathers would have reservations about sending their sons off to war. Therefore the silence of bereaved person parents of worrier sons went some way to helping the recruiting sergeants job.Dulce et Decorum est is the perfect opposite of the propaganda that is Pro Patria. Whiles Pro Patria uses misleading metaphors Dulce et Decorum est attempts to create the realities of war. Where Pro Patria attempts to glorify war and depict it as honorable, Dulce et Decorum est shows the dirt grime and suffering that went on at the front line. The impassiveness of the soldiers to the gruesome death of the gas victims as they fling him in the cart (the use of the word flung emphasizing the fact that this was not unusual and that it had oversteped to begin with), the description of the soldiers as beggars shows a stark transmission line to Seamans proud and noble warrior sons.In structure the poems are quite similar, Dulce et Decorum est seeming to be almost a parody of the honest-to-goodness Pro Patria. Indeed when read line by line alternately from different poems, the poems seem to compliment each otherEngland in this great fight to which you go,Bent double like old beggars under sacksAlso, the last stanzas of both poems use very similar poetry patterns. Pro Patrias penultimate lines rhyme best with test, and Dulce et Decorum est rhymes zest with est in the same lines (in relation to the end).Both poems encapsulate their message in the last lines, the finishing pleas of Seamen for parents to send their sons to war, and the solemn Latin verse of Dulce et Decorum est warning people not to indulge in jingoismMy friend you would not tell with such high zest,To children,the old guile Dulce et decorum estPro patria mori(How sweet and fitting it is to die for your country)Both poems are from around the time of the First World War, Pro Patria was written just before th e outbreak, written during the conflict.I believe that the stance taken by the authors stems from their experience of the war and the time at which they were written. Seaman did not and could not know what was to happen in the Great War, as it was yet to happen when he wrote the poem. Owen, on the other hand, had been at the front line, and had seen what he was writing about, and felt a need to tell others what he had seen, as opposed to Seaman who was writing for the government.

How Does Alcohol Affect Our Society and Our Health?

An inebriantic beverage is a drink which has ethanol in it. There atomic number 18 3 types of alcohol, beer, wine and spirits. The highest percentage of inebriant is norm aloney in spirits and the lowest is in beer. Alcohol is legally drunken in most countries however, one hundred countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption. In England one is allowed to be served alcohol when they be 16 and over however one can only bribe alcohol when they be 21 or over.In my opinion this is wrong because most people consider a drug, yet most people dont see alcohol anywhere near as bad for you as taking drugs even thou Alcohol kills around 85,000 people per year. For the arrive of deaths from drugs annually it is hard to tell because Cause of death is recorded on death certificates but doctors may not mention drugs, even where drugs might be involved. After listening to the 85000 deaths a year fact it is surprising that alcohol is warmly welcomed at any dinner, cul tural event or even political events. Alcohol is widely used and seen in our society today.In this essay I will go through the health risks and how it plays a class in our modern orb. Health Risks * The NHS recommend * Men should not regularly drink more than 3-4 units a day. * Women should not regularly drink more than 2-3 units a day. Regularly means drinking these amounts every day or most days of the week. National Statistics say men drink an average of 18. 7 units a week, compared with 9. 0 units for women. On average this is correct however far too many another(prenominal) people are drinking much over this statistic a week, and that is what is negative or society as well.In Great Britain, just under a third of men (31%) and one in five women (20%) drink more than the advise weekly limits of 21 and 14 units a week respectively. Alcohol is a toxin which kills cells When put in those words most people then take alcohol more seriously. Out of most drugs Alcohol is high in the middle section of dependence-physical harm graph. Short- bound effects of alcohol consumption include drink and dehydration. Long-term effects of alcohol include changes in the metabolism of the liver and brain and alcoholism (addiction to alcohol). Intoxication mostly causes slurred speech, loss of oncentration and delayed reflexes. Alcohol stimulates insulin production, which speeds up glucose metabolism and can result in low blood sugar, causing irritability and (for diabetics) possible death. Alcohol also leads to heart disease, dementia (long term and short term), cancer, diabetes and stroke. Society In our society today especially Britain there is a huge amount of Binge drinking and over use of Alcohol. We are one of the most well known countries to abuse alcohol and it will definitely affect our future generation. Being brought up in a world where this is common is not right(a) for anybody.Now children will be growing up to think it is ok to drink this amount of alcoho l. Health Warning Alcohol is widely advertised all around the world, from rich highly developed countries to poorer countries. This is one of the big issues on how Alcohol as a drink should be displayed. The enquiry is, If alcohol is a killing drug, should it be advertised in the manner of making one think it tastes great and will make you stronger? . There are many complaints about this is issue especially because it is encouraging the younger generation that drinking alcohol is cool and it tastes great.The adverts make people think alcohol is good when the truth is most aggressive people will often be alcoholics. Some solutions to these adverts brainwashing people is to have a health warning subscribe at the end of the advert like on cigarette boxes. This would maybe stick in the watchers minds. The other option would be to ban alcohol adverts all together or at least on some channels and times. Banning the adverts would end the propaganda about alcohol altogether however it wo uld cause a large uprising from the brewing industry because sales would go immensely down.The other solution of banning the adverts is to ban them on channels that children tune into or young adults and teenagers tune into, this would stop the younger generation from being tempted. An example of this is In Malaysia, fast food advertising during childrens programmes was outlawed in 2007 The media coverage on risks of alcohol should be increased and the laws of advertisement and exploitation of alcohol should be controlled by a separate board and not the government. However the Government in my opinion should rise taxes alcohol.On the other side of the argument there is the fact that for some people alcohol is essential in there life for many reasons. All socialites have a drug, in stressful places it Is good to relax After looking over the information and facts on alcohol in modern day, I have come to a conclusion that the government or other organizations need to do something abou t how alcohol is a killer and is not good for you. However I do understand the reasons for people to drink it but I still think higher taxes or other business solvers should be introduced.

The Media and Its Responsibilities

The Media and Its Responsibilities SOC 120 June 6, 2011 The Media and Its Responsibilities The media is cognise for getting the about recent sassys out to the spate of the general familiar. roughlymultiplication the information the media delivers is questi mavend by the people. They wonder why the watchword media would announce legitimate information for the whole world to know. In this interrogation paper you in allow for learn what kind of information the media delivers, how this information abide impact people, and how they jakesnister keep an eye on on certain up to nowts from happening by policing what select of information they release and distri besidese for the world to know.News is ever soywhere. The first dispersal of word was through recentspapers. They date back to centuries and centuries ago. Newspapers distributed in the United States go back to as early as 1690 (Barber, 2011). There has been much advancement in our technology on how the news has been delivered over the years. You nookie get information through newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and internet. You passel steady sign up on websites to get emails and schoolbook message alerts sent to your cellular device when at that place is breaking news.Anyone can hold what they argon flavor for by the click of a button. Watching the news can be rattling informative by keeping you updated on what is going on around the world or in your local bea. The yahoo. com homepage has new current events listed daily. While you are in your car movement, you can listen while creationness updated with the news. intercommunicate stations also update you on what is going on throughout the day. The first amendment of the United States brass ex shovees Freedom of Press.It states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise therefore or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people pea ceably to assemble, and to petition the government activity for a redress of grievances (U. S. Constitution, 1787). Freedom of Press expires the news media the right to publish either information without twinge any consequences. The news media does wealthy person certain responsibilities that they need to fulfill in order to keep the man satisfied.The responsibilities of the media are to bill stories that affect the reality. The media feels that the people of the society drive home the right to be informed active what is going on, in the world, at the confront time. How far is in any case far when it comes to certain information that is being broadcasted for eachone to hear and know somewhat? There is news broadcasting stations put in rig to keep the public informed on current daily events. News stations try to grapple with one a nonher on who is first to key out a news breaking tosh.They glamorize the situation that they were the first on the scene or that the dr ool that they are reportage on is an exclusive. The news media delivers chief(prenominal) information but sometimes it can be too informative. There are sometimes too many unnecessary facts given that are irrelevant. The information that the media delivers is sometimes information that the whole world should non necessarily know about. For font, it was learned that Californias former governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger fathered a kid from a contrastive woman, while he was married to his legitimate wife.The media showed pictures of the woman whom Arnold had the affair with. This sort of issue can present a problem for the youngster whom is problematical. If the child has friends that know what his m different looks like, they now know that he is the child of Arnold Schwarzenegger. If the family was trying to keep the childs name a secret because they did non want him to be targeted by the news, the media ruined that chance by releasing a photo of the childs mother. This sort of t hing could lead to teasing by other children at school and many other things.The child can also be subjected to the harassment of the paparazzi. It seems that the news media is more concerned with reporting the actual story than how it affects the victims involved. The information that the media delivers can affect the victims of the story in many different ways. I do non think that the media realizes that by what they are saying can destroy peoples lives. Have you ever watched the news and thought to yourself, Wow That person seems extremely ignorant for being a victim of such(prenominal) a scam? By releasing certain information about a person the story is about or showing faces or photos, the person can go on and suffer from gangrene, depression, and even bullying. Even the family of the persons involved in a story can be affected. I recently came crosswise a story through the news about a local United States Marine that was involved in a ridiculous scam. There is a yard deal website that people post items for exchange on. It is somewhat like Craigslist but in the first place for the military base. This Marine was selling his guitar, on this yard sale website, to a woman and she ended up scamming him.They both agreed on a place to understand and when they got there she conned him into going to the cashbox and depositing a check that was endorsed by her, into his bank account. The check ended up being an insufficient funds check and he was left with no money for the guitar that he had unsloped sold to her. The Marine ended up reporting her to the police and there is an investigation that is taking place. In this case, the Marine is mainly at fault for agreeing to consecrate a str pettishnesss check deposited into his bank account. The Marine was interviewed on television and he was ridiculed by fellow marines for being exposed in such a fraudulent scenario.The news media could have suggested that his face be shadowed so he would non be a target of humiliation. The Craigslist killer case is an example of how a life can be ruined by news delivered through the media. The Craigslist killer was engaged to be married and his fiancee make up out through the news on the television about the crimes that he was accused of committing. In this case, it is non only shocking but as well as embarrassing for the fiancee because she had no melodic theme that her soon-to-be-husband was committing these crimes behind her back.Family and friends knew that she was engaged to the suspect committing the murders and after the news makes it public that her fiance was therefore the Craigslist killer, she would suffer from humiliation and embarrassment. Since she was the fiancee of the Craigslist killer, her name leave alone forever be linked to this case on the internet. Certain events can be prevented by monitoring what is being broadcasted rather than jumping into a report so suddenly. I think that the news media has to be careful on what they are reporting because they have a business to the public to be discriminative on certain subjects.Names are the close to common thing that is not withheld from the media. The media usually only withholds names if the person is a minor. Another example of certain information that inescapably to be withheld from the public is the whereabouts of important government officials. The media is always reporting on where the President of the United States will be making an appearance. If someone wanted to potentially harm the President, they would just have to listen to the news to know his exact whereabouts and know when he would be in a particular place.The President does indeed have very heavy security but so did presidents of the past that were assassinated. The news media does ascertain regime significantly (Entman, 1990). The entire world does not need to know where the leader of our country is going to be at. In The Media and Political Violence, Virginia Held states that she wei ghs that the media should contribute to decreasing policy-making violence through better coverage of arguments for and against political dissidents views (Held, 1997). Celebrities are also a colossal target of the media.Some have even been known to establish far-famed just through having pictures reckonn of them. What and how celebrities are involved in always seem to make headline news. If they lose too much weight or gain too much weight they will be on a magazine cover. If they have too much alcohol to drink at a bar one night, you can bet that they will be the talk of the news the very next day. People are paid to take pictures of celebrities so they can be in magazines. Some celebrities even face humiliation about the pictures that are sometimes taken of them.Princess Dianas death is an example of how far the media will go just to get a picture. Her death was partially due to the outlet of the news media wanting to photograph her while she was being escorted in a vehicle. It was said that the media trailed behind her vehicle, driving at very high speeds. Out of four people in the vehicle, there was only one person that survived. Princess Dianas driver was speeding while the media continued to follow them in pursuit. According to the substructure to Ethics and Social Responsibility, the classical surmise of utilitarianism believes that there is an obvious solution that is fair. It argues that, given a caboodle of choices, the act we should choose is that which produces the best results for the greatest number affected by that choice (Mosser, 2010). The media should not be so quick to report on a story without considering how what they are reporting on, might affect the people whom are involved. They should do what is best for the greatest number of people involved in the stories that they report on. By focusing on the classical theory of utilitarianism the media can resolve this problem.As stated in penetration to Ethics and Social Responsibility , relativism is the idea that ones beliefs and values are understood in terms of ones society, culture, or even ones own individual values (Mosser, 2010). Relativism is when you agree to disagree in an argument. A relativism approach would argue with the utilitarianism theory about the media by saying that the media has the right to fulfill their certain responsibilities. They would agree that the media has responsibilities that need to be undefiled in order to keep the public informed, regardless of who it affects.The police department also plays a huge billet in what detailed information is being released to the news media during crime investigations. Their job is to protect the people of the society. The media and police should both work together to learn better ways on how to deliver the news while still being sympathetic to the victims involved. In most cases, there are facts that the police should not even release to the media. Information that is released by police could res ult into being more of a problem. For example, if there is a case where the person involved got seriously injured or killed by someone else.It could anger a close friend or family member and they could go to extreme measures in retaliation to keep up or look for the other person involved. I personally believe that the media should look into what they are reporting and how what they are reporting on can affect the people involved. I agree that the news media is a great way for the society to be informed about events but there are certain expatiate that do need to be withheld in order to protect the individuals that are involved in the story. I do feel that the media jumps way too fast into reporting an event without really being onsiderate of the people involved. They want to be the first one to get the job done. I believe that we would not know much about what is going on in the world without the media. I do believe that they do carry out a good job by keeping the public updated o n events. I understand that it is their job to inform the public about news but I do think that there needs to be limits and boundaries set so that all involved are protected. The media believes that their responsibilities are to get information out for the public to know.They want the people of the public to be informed about what is going on so they provide the public with every bit of detail in scenarios they report about. It is their debt instrument to provide the public with important topics that affect us. Sometimes the information that the media presents about people can attach itself to a person for their whole life. The media needs to take certain precautions about the unnecessary exposit that they present or announce to the general public. References Barber, P. (2011). A Brief History of Newspapers. Retrieved from http//www. historicpages. om/nprhist. htm Entman, R. (1990). Democracy Without Citizens Media and the Decay of American Politics Retrieved from http//site. ebr ary. com/lib/ashford/docDetail. action? docID=10142065ampp00=medias%20responsibilities Held, V. (1997). The Journal of Ethics Vol. 1, Number 2. Retrieved from http//www. jstor. org/stable/25115544 Mosser, K. (2010). Introduction to ethical motive and loving responsibility. San Diego, Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from https//content. ashford. edu Walenta, C. (1995-2011). U. S. Constitution Online. Retrieved from http//www. usconstitution. net/const. htmlThe Media and Its ResponsibilitiesThe constitution gives us the freedom of speech in our country. However, we must keep in mind that exercising these liberties includes duties and responsibilities. The media is an integral part of everyday life and has become a leading(p) player and influence of our society and it have an outcome on our domains future, viewpoint, and the worldly concerns view of us. The media are responsible for mainstream America ideals and the familiarity of the image based on the impact from the media . The media are fundamental of mixer influence and political decisions.The media have turned the average person on reality television into an inter dry landal star. sensationalism is in newspapers, on televisions, in magazines, or just a click away on the internet. The media decorate is on the horizon. Commercial and advertisement entice Americans to create financial debt and can influence a sorry diet all due to the media. Ratings manipulate the information to such a high level it converts into entertainment. Media is more a great deal than not funded by advertising. Media have the responsibility to give readers, viewers and listeners accuracy and accountable.Media should uphold fairness and meticulousness. Media has built into for the most part crucial aspect of our era, influencing every citizen. I will discuss the unease relating to media responsibility today, but I will also challenge to depict the impressiveness of the responsibility. A utilitarian purpose can be profic ient only through an endeavor to added diverse ethical standards established by the social order improve our society. The media are what we read, listen to and watch the foremost impact is psychological, intellectual and share commercial-grade implications. Many media outlets cater to the business sector, s they must gain a profit. The Media and entertainment industry forms public opinion and the terms of public debate. Comparable, through its partnerships with advertisers, the media also, exerts a powerful influence on the decisions we make, the products we buy, and the variety of analysis, we take aim when we make our daily preference. In financial partnership with advertisers, the media also put forth buying influences which drives our nation economically, public opinion which affect the decisions we make, and the products we purchase alters the make outs. The media are what we read, listen to and atch the psychological impact funneled by the media which forms public debate. U nrelenting media coverage fed the fascination with both court cases. Media has a moral ethical responsibility to tell the truth, unbiased and remain balanced. Each of us has a responsibility to challenge and demand what we bide from the media on the subject of an unbiased account of issues and politics. The media have become a control center in the political arena. The clout is the power to the political decision of the people. The political system, have an immense influence on politics and on forming social transformation.Television along with social media can to the highest degree of influence the preference of a national runner on the basis of image. Today, individuals who despise the media must use the media to assist them to forerunners forward in the polls. THE MEDIA AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES 4 The Internet assists social equality by giving a voice to every citizen in every home and every workplace. Social media certainly plays a pivotal role in bringing media scraps and vi deo goes viral world-wide creating national and international interest. Many celebrities ersonal lives are in the backbone of modern times and the media. Misbehavior is constantly displayed in public view and its become the signs of the times and is not going away. Celebrities invite negative attention to boost their career. Though many papers syndications have been reduced those remaining in conjunction with and magazines compete on news about celebrities and scandals. All that is perilous, iniquitous or incorrect takes precedence has a prominent place, especially in those papers that are mainly sold from newsstands. Media pays thousands of dollars to gather the dirt for up-to-the-minute candal on the front page every day in order to sell papers. The medias momentous spotlight is high-profile crimes coverage. Crime and victimization should include more privacy. Crime reporting is at an all time high being biased. The media have a tendency to take a stance of guilt before a verdic t is rendered. The D. A. and law enforcement seek publicity. The judge can be influenced by the trial, For instance, the Casey Anthony murder case and the murder trial of O. J. Simpson created a new market for courtroom play influence, both positive and negative. . Nowadays there can be repercussions for moral breach.Today 75% of warrantee contracts contain a moral clause that allows companies to exit without penalty in the event of an incident by the celebrity that substantially damages the companys reputation. Often the incident is limited to criminal activity and previously it was not uncommon for the legal language within the clause to even mandate that an actual conviction of a crime be present before the deal is terminated. The truth is out there to access global news information which has served as an advocate for society and its right to be acquainted with an essential role of involving us in concerns such as ivil rights issues, famines around the world and health epidemi cs. They give us an point sense of national issues and global concerns to bring us awareness. Many Americans feel that we ought to reap the benefits of media, globally, due to new media platforms, global media can cross cultural boundaries. Foreign relations as cultural barriers are devolve by the media While media are in itself more helpful than harmful, are setting a trend in their media and computers have changed the way the media messages is gathered, processed is produced affecting the printing and broadcasting processes.Media currently continues to have an fantastic impact on the way people conduct their lives on a global scale desiring to become more like western societies. Mass media are striving to arrange operations around the globe some nations want to protect their own domestic media and culture. The massive expansion of TV culture expresses Hollywood subculture. TV viewers in Nigeria, India, China or Russia now dream of the American way of life, as seen on TV serials (which, being relatively inexpensive and glamorous, THE MEDIA AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES 6 ill the TV with most TV impart all over the world) and thinks in terms of the competitive values permeate by them. (Fotopoulos, Takis, 2009). In addition to financial interests, the global media and the internet have an impact on how the globe views Americans via media content, politics and culture, can many countries assume our country to be greedy. Mass media are influence by the culture and interests of our nation and viewed as an extension of the American way. Although the media keep us updated on our nations enemies and spectators an objective view f what is occurring without violating any human rights or offending viewers gaining what is happening in their parts of the Middle East Arab media channels like Al-Jazeera and other news channels are airing more graphic media in record violating human rights and this has many negative effects on their viewers. Since there is no certain restric tion on broadcasting violence, from airing the casualties in the combat zone Terrorists gain publicity due to the exposure that their networks give them, to promote their message of violence to create fear. News channels are sensationalizing the hatred toward theUnited States and other nations. Like our nations guidelines, media should ban the broadcasting due to empowering the terrorists by airing terrorists acts, and by making the atrocious details accessible to the public, the media are path that construct antagonistic society to set in motion terrorism. The press plays a pivotal role in modern society and social responsibility is at an all time high and imperative on mass media. Social responsibility is the concept roots in libertarian theory with more prominence on the presss responsibility to society than on the presss freedom.THE MEDIA AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES 7 Tentatively attack the a superior point than libertarianism, a category of moral and intellectual evolutionary tr ip from guilty old, libertarianism to a new or perfected libertarianism where things are forced to work as they undoubtedly should have worked under libertarian theory. (Merrill, John C. ). The media have a responsibility to society to present of the media mandates moral responsibility. Utilitarian ethics is enormously influential in North American society, probably the basic moral philosophy of most nonreligious humanists today (Harris, 2002, p. 119). Utilitarianism is prevalent in the media professions, and in quasi-form is the mind-set of most students preparing for careers, such as journalism, that serve antiauthoritarian societies. (Erlbaumm L. 2007). The media must show prudence, discernment and circumspection. Whilst making journalistic decisions are that moral and ethical the press has a moral commitment to the meet the requirements distributing ideas and information supported of society that will bring into being he betterment of moral. The Society of Professional Journal ists Code of Ethics has high integrity to strive to higher ethics in regards to the media that journalists adhere to a high Code of Ethics to seek truth and report it which often involves easier said than done decisions and share responsibility for the penalty of unethical reporting and the impact on society. Journalists have an absolute duty to tell the truth, regardless of the consequences. Truth is key in ethics journalists must take into account the probable penalty of their reporting.Plato call attention to the principle his parable was meant to show that we live in a world of false impression and that we must get rid of our false impression to find the truth. Aristotle Nichomachean Ethics held that reason used to generate happiness, which gives us moral and intellectual virtues. The moral virtues include moderation, fearlessness and nobility the logical various wisdom. Trust is key in ethics and social responsibility. Media is of imperative importance to develop trust its supp orters identified as being ethical, deliver excellence and responsible.

Of Mice and men, Analysing weak characters Essay

The romance is call uped Of mice & workforce because things outhouse go wrong between a small mouse to an important human existenceness. issue can go wrong scorn how hard you try.There argon two subjects in this novel that I think are portrayed as creation loose. One of the char scrapers that I feel keep ups crosswise as weak in the novel is Crooks. The reason being is because of how he is treated by the opposite characters in this novel. For example, most of the characters except for decoct refer to Crooks as a Nigger. Even though Nigger is a racist term, it was used normally in those days. But this shows the little respect the domiciliate of the characters had for Crooks they could bear decided to refer to him using his real name, just like Slim. The item that they continuously call him that shows the failing in Crook, if he had the amount of free will and power the rest had, he would have spoke up and tell them to stop calling him a Nigger.Steinbeck may have pi t it out like this to show that non everyone was racist and disrespectful to whom the majority of the people thought was inferior. Slim could have been a character just like Steinbeck, hes showing that he is not racist and is empathetic to Crooks views, and is aware that despite his skin colour, he is just as superior. However, noticing this, Slim could be portrayed as weak because he didnt tell up to lay out Crooks when it came to the name calling, if he did, he probably would have been casted as a Sell out by the other characters.There is another incident in the novel that shows how inferior and weak Crooks is portrayed. After Curleys conjoin woman enters the room to talk to him, Lennie and Candy, Crooks remainders up ascertainting frustrated with Curleys married woman and starts telling her off. However, by now the readers would have thought that Crooks is finally standing up for himself and defending himself, but this all changes in the space of a few minutes. For exampl e, Curleys wife retaliates and posits Listen, Nigger, you know what I can do to you if you open your trap? Well, keep your place Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easily it aint redden funny.Strung up on a tree meant to be lynched this shows that she had the power to get Crooks lynched, even for the pettiest things. So even though Crooks was speaking the truth, him speaking up could get him into trouble, he cant win, him staying quiet and affirming the things the other characters wants to hear makes him look weak, but even when he does speak up against problems, he is still portrayed as weak. After Curleys wife mentions this, the narration says Crooks seemed to amaze smaller the use of the letters Er shows that he was already small but by Curleys wife mentioning Lynching, it made him smaller, weaker than he already is.One more factor that shows Crooks is weak, is by the mental synthesis of the chapter, the chapter starts and ends the same. On page 99, it says Crook s sat on his bunk he held a store of liniment and with the other hand, rubbed his spine. The chapter as well ends the same way. This shows that the way Crooks is living is never ending, its a cyclical feature, and there is no hope for him. in any case, because Steinbeck kept on referring to his spine, shows that even though Crooks does have hopes and dreams, him being black and being injured is whats stopping him from living the American dream. The injury to Crooks clog up occurred after being kicked in the spine by a horse.The reason for this is because of where Crooks Is forced to sleep. Crooks sleeps in a barn. This is usually a place where horses rest. On page 98, it lets the readers know the Crooks bun was made form a long box fillight-emitting diode with straw. Crooks bunk was a long box filled with straw. This portrays him to be some sort of animal. He is portrayed as a horse. Again even though horses are strong physically, they are weak in the sense that they have no po wer, they are usually fix up. This is a good example of Crooks. Again, he may be the most intelligent out of the characters and in some ways, mentally strong. But he is still weak in other ways. other character that Steinbeck portrays as being weak is Curleys wife. The apostrophe in Curleys is possessive, this shows that Curleys wife belongs to Curley and that he is her owner. She is referred to as Curleys wife throughout the novel and is not named. It also shows how unimportant she is and how little the characters think of her. Another way she is portrayed as weak is by her attitude towards the men in the novel. Curley doesnt founder her much attention, so she feels insecure and lonely. This makes her want the attention of the other men and makes her feel superior and important, even though she isnt. The characters talk most her in a negative way behind her back. For example, after Curleys wife is introduced George says Jesus, what a tramp. The use of the word Jesus makes George s reaction the Curleys wife seem dramatic, this shows that Curleys wife is a huge problem if she causes such dramatic responses. Also he refers to her as a tramp.Tramp can mean many things, but one commentary of a tramp for a female is a prostitute or a person regarded as promiscuous. This is Georges first impressions Of Curleys Wife, and this is how she comes across whilst trying to flirt. This shows how weak she is to George especially. She may be trying to flirt and act sexy in ready for the men to lust after her but her trying has no achievement on George, he thinks of her as the opposite. George also calls her a bitch and a Rat trap whilst talking to Lennie. A bitch is the name given for a female dog, this link to the apostrophe in Curleys wife Dogs are popular pets and have owners. She is like Curleys pet.Curleys wife thinks of Crooks, Lennie and Candy as the powerless ones by her saying this, it makes her look weak as well, she feels she has to refer to them as something deemed inferior in order to make her feel superior. However, even though she refers to them as this, she still hangs around them, this shows that she hasnt got much choice and that that is the only form of company she has and appreciates, despite coming across as nasty. This shows her weak side.In section 5, Curleys wife goes in the barn to comfort Lennie and flirt with him, this could have led into something more. If she didnt end up last she probably would have cease up sleeping with Lennie. This again, shows her weakness she is not strong enough to just leave Curley if she is not happy, she married Curley for the wrong reasons, leading to her being unhappy. Instead she goes behind his back looking for Love, comfort and a sense of importance. This leads to her being accidently killed by Lennie.Before this happens whilst she confides in Lennie she admits, He says he was gonna put me in the movies referring to one of the actors she met. This didnt end up happening so she ended up marrying Curley. She then goes on and says So I married Curley. I dont like Curley, he aint a nice lumberjack. This shows that she had no choice but to marry him and that she is finding it hard to escape from him.The death of Curleys wife is like Karma. She threatened to get Crooks lynched if he carried on disrespecting her but then ended up dying as a result of her neck of being broken, this is what lynching is. Also, she married Curley for the wrong reasons and used him and she was also the women who stopped the characters from living their dreams, this may have been out of spite from her not getting to live hers. However, again, she ended up dying, and the characters still didnt get to live their dream. This is how Karma works, what goes around comes around. This could be linked to the alternate(prenominal) feature in the novel, the problems are never ending and there is just no hope.To conclude, both Crooks and Curleys wife are very much alike and theyre just as weak as each other. Both characters are referred to as harsh names other than their real names. They both had dreams of being successful but it never happened. Crooks is a black man, and Curleys wife is a white women. So even though Crooks had dreams and was capable of getting far the only problem that would have been stopping him is the fact that he is black and racism was in full effect in those days. Also, he was the smartest among the other characters, this links back to the title Of mice and men that things can go wrong despite how hard you try. So despite his intelligence and how hard he learns, he still cant get to where he wants to go in life. Nevertheless, even though Curleys wife is white, she is a woman.Women didnt have that much say or rights when men were involved. So her dreams and goals were not reached. For example she says I never got that letter, I always thought my ol lady stole it She is adamant that her mum stole the letter an actor wrote to her, so thats why she never beca me an actress. Except, going back to how powerful men were in those days, White American men especially, he may have not even written a letter, probably forgetting about her and just complimenting her because it was the heat of the moment type. This shows that Curleys wife is not mentally strong enough to come to terms and face reality of what actually might have happened, again thats her way of feeling important, because deep down she is a weak individual.

Hills like White Elephants Essay

In Hills like White Elephants, jig describes the hills from a distance like white elephants. That description signifies that, for Jig, her motherliness is something that is precious while a burden at the same time. In order to scan the situation of Jig, it is important to note that white elephants argon considered to be sacred and symbolize justice in Southeast Asian monarchies. On the other hand, these elephants come with a costly price in terms of its upkeep or maintaining its health.White elephants are oftentimes wedded as precious gifts for royal members of the family since they are the unrivalleds who are capable of taking care of the costly needs of the elephant. But for the average individual, being given a white elephant means having to take care of a burden that is supposed to be hardened as a precious gift. Apparently, the hills in the story symbolize the pregnancy of Jig and the description of the hills as white elephants suggest that her pregnancy is both a preciou s gift and a burden.On the phonation of Jigs American male companion, the fact that he wants Jig to do an abortion suggests that he sees her pregnancy as a burden. Moreover, the railroad tracks in the storys setting suggest a dividing line between two distinct landscapesa barren and dry land on one side and a green landscape on the other. Jigs attention is focused on the landscape while the American is having a conversation with her, suggesting that she is concerned between choosing which side to takea happy life with her child or a barren life with her American companion alone without her babywhile the American is busy convincing her to let go of the baby.In A move up for Emily, the setting used by the author, William Faulkner, is the fictitious post-war town of Jefferson. In the town, women are not allowed to walk the streets without wearing away an apron, at that placeby suggesting that at that place is a form of discrimination against women. However, Emily Grierson can o pt not to follow the get hold because she came from an influential family. In fact, on that point was even a time when she was given the privilege of not having to stomach taxes. Thus, the societys perception towards Emily by that time was that she was a woman of distinct position.She was someone who is not like the average woman in town as she is capable of doing things that the average women in town cannot afford to do. Moreover, the setting of the house of Emily in the story reveals something about her character. The house is considered to be once a majestic edifice in the town only that it has turned into an eyesore among eyesores (287) later in the story. The reason cigarette this is that the house was no longer well taken good care of even though Emily has occupied a manboth the her gardener and her cookto look after the house.The time when the townsfolk attain noticed the searing stench emanating from Emilys house all the more gave the house an ugly reputation. At the finish of the story, it is revealed that the stench came from the decaying body of Homer, Emilys lover, who was laid in one of the houses beds as it molder for years. Apparently, it is also revealed that Emily had been sleeping with the corpse of Homer all the time when the stench lingered around the house.It symbolizes the decay of the reputation of Emily, perhaps dying with the death of Homer. The setting of the house clearly represents the decaying personality of Emily and the predicaments which caused her grief and despair. Victoria Battistelli, (A rosaceous for Emily) I agree that Emily is an old woman and that she should not have died in that decrepit house. However, I trust it was Emilys decision to stay inside that house until her dying days for one reasonher lover, Homer, is there in one of the bedrooms.Interestingly, it was Homers stenchfor his dead body was decaying all the time that it was therethat roused the interest of the rest of the people in town although they were not aware it was Homers. More importantly, there are evidences in the story which suggest that Emily slept with the corpse of Homer the lock of hair beside Homers body and the shape of the pillow that appear to suggest that somebodys head was on slip away of it. These things, among others, indicate that Emily chose to stay inside the house and even sleep with Homers corpse.Sadly, though, she did not have to put herself in that position. Apparently, her strong emotions for Homer caused her to withstand the putrid scent of his corpse and stay inside the house. Do you know of other indicators that Emily was willing to stay inside the house even though it was watery of bad smell? Debbie Wong, (Hills like White Elephants) I definitely agree that Jig was thinking of her pregnancy as she was concerned as to whether she should follow the suggestion of her American companion or to follow her believe to keep the baby for herself.It seems that Jig was weighing the odds for each side of the coin, so to speak, although she gave-in eventually to the demands of her American companion. Her pregnancy is truly a white elephanta burden and a gift, a burden for her American companion and a gift for Jig. Are there any indicators in the story that says something about Jigs pregnancy as a burden for herself, or that she was tempted to give-up her baby before finally deciding to do so?

Public Administration

Journal of earth Administration and Policy interrogation Vol. 4(2) pp. 23-31 March, 2012 on hand(predicate) online at http//www. academicjournals. org/JPAPR DOI 10. 5897/JPAPR11. 049 ISSN 2141-2480 2012 Academic Journals Review Ethics in semipublic Administration D. Radhika Ph. D. search Scholar, Post-Graduate and Research De donationment of exoteric Administration, Anna Adarsh College for Women, (affiliated to the University of Madras) Chennai-600040, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail emailprotected com. Accepted 23 February, 2012The modern font bea has seen an increase in interest in the argonas cogitate to the righteouss of the sovereign nigh. A number of studies cast off centreed on this subject matter and several academicians drive exposed a number of honorable and philosophical dilemmas related to the concept of virtuous philosophy in open organisation. contempt the increasing number of studies that have foc employ on the immenseness of administrative morality, there has been very curt effort spent on identifying what exactly constitutes the crux of the matter of ethics in giving medication.The objective of this paper is to review the implications of the underlying principles of ethics for unexclusive presidential term in the context of new unrestricted nerve and discuss their impact on several(predicate) politics imperatives which in turn act as the determinants of ethics in general electric pig. This review will besides focus on the importance of ethics in new face practices (privatization, decentralization, debureaucratization, devolution of budgets etc. ,) with reference to the driving force and pull of ethics and administration and how ethics mind sends and canonic ascendes to administration and governance bed be changed.Key words Ethics, human race administration, honourable imperatives, ethics and exoteric administration, ethics and morals. INTRODUCTION Since the 1970s there has been a majuscule deal of change associated with the implementation of administrative ethics. These changes have been get ond and motivated by the concept of terra firma-supported administration in the new era. An serious position is given to the concept of ethical military issues in todays complaisant governance. thither has been a great deal of seek associated with this concept which has been supported by transformation of evidences and theories into practice across disparate continents.Frederickson and Ghere (2005) address both the managerial and individual/moral dimensions of ethical style as well as new challenges to administrative ethics posed by globalization. As promoted by Cooper (2001) ethics in popular administration is non a flitting concept scarce has proven to be an turn up which has sh profess a great deal of sustainability which is funda psychogenic to the atomic number 18a of open administration. Public administration has certain issues with regard to ethics implementation and re veals it troublesome to come to terms with them. One background for this is because ethics is embedded in an intellectual framework.This framework is based on stable institutional as well as role relationship levels, among both reality employees as well as the organization. correspond to the views of a number of researchers (Bang and Sorensen, 1999 Keast et al. , 2004 Rhodes, 1996 Sorensen, 2002, 2006 Sorensen and Torfing, 2004 Stoker, 1998), current judicature perspectives believe that clarity and stability at these levels would be paradoxatic. Despite the increasing number of studies that have focused on the importance of administrative ethics, there has been very little effort spent on identifying what is exactly the crux of ethics in administration (Cooper, 2004).This lack of direct research in the dynamics of operations with regards to ethics in public administration along with immutable changes in the principles and policies associated with administrative ethics look at to be examined. These trainings have raised new topics for concern in this field. One pattern which sens be cited at this juncture is the pop outnce of the concept of egovernance which would require the appellative of a whole new paradigm of ethics in public administration. This article tries to identify the ways in which administrative policies in public organizations can be 24 J.Public Adm. Policy Res. promoted and managed by adopting an in force(p) and novel ethical approach. It would be prudent to mention the ethics framework here. The ethics framework (Bosseart and Demmke, 2005) is a voluntary, non- profoundly binding European Code of Ethics. It glistens the basic roughhewn values and standards which out developth pronounces consider important for the squ atomic number 18-toed surgery of public do. It comprehensively discusses the prevalent outcome values, specific standards of conduct, fills to safeguard honor and measures on treatment situations where ther e has been possible violation of ethics.It helps to structure the discussion on public- help ethics and it serves as a toolkit or general guideline for the festering of codes of conduct at a national and subnational level. Originally, the ethics framework identifies general core values that should be common to all member states. These values ar the rule of justness (lawfulness), im situationiality/ objectivity, transp atomic number 18ncy (openness), accountability, nonrecreationalism (expertise), and duty of c atomic number 18, reliability (confidence, trust) and courtesy ( suffice principle).If it is believed that these ar the core values, then they should be fully recognised in every(prenominal) coun canvas. Public-service ethics is an issue that is taken seriously in every member state of the European Union. However, member states be at different stages of development and measures that be considered necessary in superstar country whitethorn be deemed irrelevant in others . The ethics framework has had a greater impact on those new member states that are currently fighting against corruption.In the courting of old member states, the material has had smaller impact since the core values have tralatitiously been an integral part of their administrative cultivation and m either of the tools proposed in the Framework were already in use. For example if one considers Portugal, an old member state where the administrative culture is traditionalistic and core values are already a part of the administrative framework there are alterations in the form of codes of conduct which can be proposed in order to promote ethics in public administration.However the norms and regulations associated with the old administrative culture were non modified or removed. This resulted in two different viewpoints being promoted by the same establishment. This has resulted in a great deal of tension surrounded by traditional administrative culture and the new concepts of quality in public administration. NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND moral philosophy Globally the concept of privatization has been promoted in new public administration. It is seen that this concept is related to the measures which promote establishment of condenser and efficacy leading to evelopment of quality verbalizeance of public function. In the research conducted by Savas (2000), the concept of privatization in new public management, is promoted. Further identified by Walsh et al. (1997) introduction of new market mechanisms which promote effective implementation of public services in organizations is identified. Walsh in his research has identified that privatization in governance in the linked Kingdom has resulted in a new paradigm, which has promoted transformation of both organizational and cultural needs.The purpose of these reforms include reduction of cost relating to the attains of the presidencys, identification of measures to reduce the direct impact of go th rough of public employees and bringing rough a variation in the overall views of the government by the public. This type of privatization fun non tho challenged the current realities associated with ethics in public administration, wherein administrators were considered as technical professionals, besides similarly identified the type of functioning that does not take into account best judgment on the part of employees.Accordingly, intellectual proponents of the ethical perspective were responsible for the first noteworthy approach of public administrators ethical obligations and the importance of citizen participation in administrative decisions (Cooper, 2004). This has long been in place in developed countries across the world as seen with the NPM concepts promoted by Ronald Reagan in USA and Margaret Thatcher in the UK. REINVENTING GOVERNMENT As seen by Osborne and Gaebler (1992), it is observed that reinventing the government assumed importance in Bill Clintons administr ation.In his era, new concepts of public administration with regards to two different areas were promoted. The first, involved identification of factors which promoted the productivity of governance and the second involved setting a new mountain and mission policy. It was proposed that the productivity of governance can be increased by adopting much ethical measures in terms of distinguishing amidst the results and quantity of resources used. The use of a new mission policy will gratify the needs of the general public. These measures may be identified to be less drastic when compared to the concept of privatization of semi semipolitical organizations.However this idea can be promoted and productivity increased only when there is a change in attitude towards current concepts of established hierarchy in governance. A move should be made toward promotion of methods to identify flexibility, centralization and concentration of public administration aspects. These aspects may be co nsidered to be an intermediate antecedent to privatization. If it is not possible, delegation mechanisms can be a solution. With regard to the ethical position, the researcher advocates that privatization may not alter the fact that the responsibility of the state towards its citizens will be met.Radhika 25 Different processes which are to be supervised and control conduct need to be realized by the government because ultimately the accountability and ethics of the consummation of the government to its citizens is needed. The scope and responsibilities of public administration changed due to the dynamics of new public management systems much(prenominal) as privatization, decentralization, debureaucratization and citizen partnership that are essentially new public management techniques and practices drawn mainly from the toffee-nosed sector and increasingly seen as a global phenomenon.These concepts shift the emphasis from traditional public administration to public management wh ich accorded ethics a central position. The purpose of public service is to essentially contact a citizens basic requirements. Rocha (2000), observes that throngs calling for professional management of public administration argue that they are more efficient and effective than the existing framework. They call for breaking down large institutions into manageable centres, and then allowing for independent functioning as part of the new economic institutional ideal.MORALS THE RISE OF ETHICAL reasoning ABOUT MORALS Snell (1976) has maintained that it was Socrates, the founder of moral philosophy who enquired into the nature of ethics as his thoughts led him to the inner person kind of than the external physical factors in 5 B. C. Moralitys survival of the fittest of wide-cut and sound ethics was a natural means of developing a strong moral fibre. Socrates also felt that friendship and morals were interrelated and one could not be moral if one did not k outright what morals wer e and what was hefty for mankind. Thus, he thought of virtue as being the centrepiece of nowledge and reasoned that virtue was knowledge. All thought and action hence had to emanate from the knowledge of what was good or distressing and then, be judged by ethical and moral standards. This would then lead to true happiness. (Vlastos, 1991), states that it was Socrates idea that morality be linked to happiness because he felt ethics was approximately knowing what was good. Socrates thoughts also reached the common man through discourses and debates, and intense conversations, which constantly probed, questioned and thus, evoked reactions and insights while testing his views and theories through his now-famous dialogues.He felt constant engagement with the questions of virtue. He believed that morality would prepare the great unwashed reform as they would focus more on their own moral standards. DETERMINANTS ADMINISTRATION OF ETHICS IN PUBLIC public sector include 1) The politic al construct of which public administrators are a part 2) The legal framework 3) The administrators and public employees who are responsible for the provision of public services 4) The citizens and users of public services that are a part of the well-bred ships company.First, the determinants of ethics in public administration with regard to the individual attri thoes of public/civil servants include ethical decision-making skills (Ric spartanson and Nigro 1987), mental attitude (Bailey, 1964), virtues (Dimock, 1990 Dobel, 1990 Gregory, 1999 Hart, 1989), and professional values ( cutting edge Wart, 1998). Secondly, the organizational structure dimension is explained by clear accountability, collaborative arrangements, differ channels, and participation summonss (Denhardt, 1988 Thomson, 1985).Third, the political organizational culture includes artefacts, beliefs and values, and assumptions (Schein, 1985). Leadership is important in the development, maintenance, and adaptation of organizational culture (Scott, 1982 Schein, 1985 Ott, 1989). Ethical behavior is encouraged when organizations have a climate where personal standards and employee education are emphasized, where supervisors melodic line the truth, and where employees regularly come together to discuss ethical problems (Bruce, 1995, 1994). Finally, societal expectation includes public participation, laws, and policies.The advanced set of positive principles or criteria that integrate the process of dealing with ethical dilemmas in public administration are 1) Democratic accountability of administration, 2) The rule of law and the principle of legality, 3) Professional integrity and 4) Responsiveness to civil nightclub. This can be described as the ALIR model of imperatives of ethical reasoning in public administration. The research by Parsons (1964) presented the concept of evolutionary normals in society wherein there are aspects associated with the identification of issues related to public a dministration ethics.In his Evolutionary Universals Parsons tied his functionalist theory to an evolutionary perspective and argued that, like biological organisms, societies progress through their capacity for generalized adaptation to their environment. This is achieved mainly through processes of structural differentiation that is, the development of specialized institutions to perform the kindly functions necessary to meet increasingly specialized needs. However, this increasing complexity then requires new modes of integration, in 1 The major determinants of administrative conduct in the ALIR- Accountability, Legality, Integrity, Responsiveness 26 J. Public Adm. Policy Res. order to engineer the new and more specialized elements. This is achieved via the principle of the cybernetic hierarchy or the increased information transposition or the growth of knowledge. Evolution is then from traditional to modern societies, and progress can be charted via the development (structural differentiation) of evolutionary universals such as bureaucratic organization, money and market complexes, stratification, and the emergence of generalized universalistic norms.Each of these enables a society to adapt more efficiently to its environment. The concepts of ALIR and Parsons evolutionary universals have some commonalities from the point of view of public administration. The identification of a new type of governance which promotes evolutionary universality will be zippy in republicanally identifying the rule of law which is capable of carrying out its role as well as taking into consideration the tasks of the civil society. The researcher feels that this type of interdependence and connection will help in distinguishing between various concepts of ethics in public administration.This will also help extend morally and effectively the go alonging four functional concepts 1) Accountability of public bureaucracy which helps identifies the relationship between accepted actions and its link to administration. 2) The rule of law and legality wherein public administration should be governed by the law. 3) Concepts of professional integrity and autonomy among public administrators which will ultimately help promote the principle of meritocracy. 4) Concepts of responsibility and immediate action of public administration to its citizens.Consequently, the artful application of such a set of moral commands in concrete situations and mess will bear witness to the grumpy kind of ethical reasoning that a specific administrative system or public institution is able to achieve and sustain. PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS It is important to slenderize on the two leading models(ethics of the sovereign good and ethics of the service of goods) that are involved with ethical thoughts and actions inside the public sectors. Furthermore, we will also compare and contrast them with the collaborative ethics that were mentioned above.It has to be unplowed in mind that we are no t taking any particular or specific approach but rather will be taking the modern understanding of could be called vulgar Kantianism or a vulgar utilitarianism (Harmon, 2005). Ethics of the sovereign good The ethics of the sovereign good is nonentity but the set of guidelines based on which an individual acts. The ethics of the sovereign good is identified to be a set of values from which the different views on what is good can be judged. It can be normally seen in real world scenarios that many people have different versions of the same ethical concept.People try to twist the concept to fit their needs based on their conception of the good. Therefore it is important to identify the viewpoint that holds the true spirit of the ethical guidelines. Michael (2005, 2003) makes a compelling production line in The public administration, with regards to the ethics of the sovereign good. According to him it can be called principled morality. In his argument he talks about why one should no t act on the principles set by the ethics of the sovereign good. An important reason is the issue of opposing principles.According to him, not all conflicts can be resolved by basing it on the ethics that are subscribed in the sovereign good. This is because ethics does not take into account a large number of variables that other principles apply to that particular scenario. The primary issue with the ethics of the sovereign good is the fact that it refers to itself as the absolute last word when it comes to ethical decisions. some other issue is that it tends to assume an attitude that is raw linguistic positivism.One reason why the ethic of the sovereign good is so appealing is that it tends to transcend beyond the individual and looks at the bigger collective when it comes to defining meet ethics. Therefore it will not solve the individual issues but will rather lead us into an unrecognized and impossible (from its perspective) aporia. Ethics of the service of goods The values that are promoted by the ethics of the service of goods are mainly efficiency and maximization of the inputs to outputs. Basically there are three aspects which are important when it comes to the service of goods.They are logic of reciprocity, its view of the collective, and its criteria for judgment. It can also be clearly seen that the ethics of the sovereign good are mainly targeted towards the market. At the very core, service of goods is based on mutual exchange. Basically it assumes that people are rational and have the freedom to choose what goods or services they want. Thus, if an individual likes a particular good/ service he/she can enter into an agreement with a suitable trader on the terms for the purchase of the same service or good.In exchange the individual can offer pecuniary resources to compensate the trader for the services and goods that they have proposed. This is an amicable process that is disrupted only when someone divulges to deliver the goods as per the terms agreed to. This will result in the decline of the social good. However in the case when everything is going smoothly, what is good for the individual ends up being good for the collective Radhika 27 whole. There have been a lot of questions that have been directed towards the ethics of the service of goods.The questions that are raised are often related to the presumption of self-interest and about the ability of people to know their true interests. These questions are considered to be problematic for reasons both empirical and logical. According to different researchers (Bauman, 2001, 2005 Catlaw, 2009), viability is an issue since the ethics of the sovereign good tends to legitimize everything as long as it promotes trade and therefore in the long run has a tendency to wear away minimal stability . This stability is needed for an intelligible world with better ethics.It neglects the problem that one must always ask efficient to what end? Or good for whom? hobby this line of thought different imperatives need to be understood in the context of ethics in administration which are discussed subsequently. ACCOUNTABILITY imperative moodS The distinction between politics and administration, which forms one of the most classic doctrines of modern political science and public administration (Easton, 1953), connotes not only their division of functions and their structural separation but also the subordination of the latter to the former.This stream of thought also feels that politics is superior to administration and that the government controls the administrative machinery. Bureaucrats are loyal to their ministers, who in turn are loyal to the legislature, which is loyal to the people as they are their countrymen. Thus these peoples representatives hold the administration accountable in the interests of the general public. Ministers are accountable to the Parliament and not civil servants and hence civil servants have to act as per the orders of their minist ers whether they are in agreement or not as long as the law is not circumvented or breached.Subordination of civil servants to elected representatives who act as law-makers and policy-setters forms a sine qua non precondition of classless politics. When the bureaucracy and administration usurps power, which does not belong to it the bureaucracy (civil or military) enters the political arena, undermines representative democracy and subjugates politics and government to its own interests and commands. Thus, it falls upon the civil servants to work diligently under the legislature as these representatives actually reflect the will of the people. They also have to apply considerable restraint in partisan politics nd while expressing their personal views. Thus, democratic virtue is not a part of the core value of public administration and neither can the parliament usurp public service institutions for its own political ends. newfangled governance celebrates the different roles and res ponsibilities of politics and administration as it leads to higher efficacy of both functions and that is an important part of moral and personal integrity-the ability to be able to tell the truth to the powers that be. LEGAL IMPERATIVES Administrators have to wish the legal framework and act within its bounds thus rendering all government action legitimate. truth is a universal concept in both politics and society. (Reichstadt, Etat de Droit). Max Weber sees the action of a state within the law as the terzetto way of legitimizing authority with the other two being, personal appeal and tradition. Once the administration works within the realm of the law, it automatically sets forth for itself a series of controls and regulations. indicant flows from the people and thus all power must be used for the good of the people, a fundamental requirement of most democratic constitutions. Governments and administrations therefore have no choice but to work within the legal framework.Thus, the way the judiciary implements these laws which are there to ultimately serve the people forms the core of the legal determinants. Brown and Duguid (2000) state that courts ensure that the law will be followed during the discharge of public duty and that no injustice or partiality will do and that power will not be abused. perpetual monitoring and protection of the law has to be a priority if administrative reforms are to take place. make up Aristotle commented that the law should be supreme in the eyes of the people and should operate without any interference.THE INTEGRITY IMPERATIVE Chapman (1959) states, as professional ethics entered the administrative space so did the need for studying public administration and defining its scope and determinants. The nation states of Europe among others 2 have taken steps to professionalize the government. (The ethics framework and the European code of ethics) Ministers guide the bureaucracy which discharges its public duties in conformity with the law. They are elect on the basis of special criteria and procedures which govern their recruitment, career path, discipline, and scope etc.Professional virtue brings with it integrity and acceptance of the hierarchal dominance of the government but works under the authority of the law. Argyriades (1996) observes that civil servants are the permanent officers of the transient politicians in Parliament. Their competency from experience, knowledge, depth etc. , helps them assess ground realities and advise the parliament and implement public policies in an effective modality in the interest of the public. The essential 2 The ethics framework Available on http//forum. europa. eu. int/ 28 J. Public Adm. Policy Res. eatures of a professional public service which would include knowledge of expertise, of judgement and conduct in accordance to standards, as well as commitment to the field control the following 1) Recruitment should be carried out on the basis of tests and merits conducted by separate bodies and governed by regulations that are independent of politics and political systems. It should take place impartially and only if consider merit and achievements. Merit, therefore is a huge determinant of integrity and autonomy. 2) Self governance should be stressed on by administrative councils to promote corporate spirit and professionalism.Experience and length of service as well as achievements and cognitive process must be taken into account for promotions. 3) Training and education should increase professionalism in government and administration as a whole. Professionalism in public service can be seen in people who have a very good knowledge of the job in which they are working at, their expertise and endowment fund and their ability to adhere to the highest ethical standards. Thus a true professional is one who has an adequate compound of expertise, knowledge and experience and also those who can meet the publics expectation of them.The gener al public and society have certain guidelines for various professionals who are expected to adhere to these standards. For example, corruption is frowned up on by the general public and therefore a true professional would be expected to follow such practices. Otherwise, the profession is deprived of an essential precondition of its claim to legitimacy. Corruption can be a major obstacle in the process of economic development and in modernizing a country. The greater course credit that corruption can have a serious adverse impact on development has been a cause for concern among developing countries.In a survey of 150 high level officials from 60 third world countries, the respondents ranked public sector corruption as the most severe obstacle confronting their development process (Gray and Kaufmann, 1998). Countries in the Asia and Pacific region are also very worried about this problem and they are in substantial agreement that corruption is a major constraint that is hindering th eir economic, political and social development, and hence view it as a problem requiring urgent attention at the highest level.An example of how corruption can affect a nations stability that can be cited at this point is the pandemic bureaucratic and political instability in Nigeria which is the main cause of democratic instability in the country. Ogundiya (2010) argues that democratic stability will be difficult to attain as long as corruption remain pandemic and unchecked. According to Hegel (1967), What the service of the state really requires is that men shall forego the selfish and capricious happiness of their subjective ends by his very sacrifice, they acquire the right to find their satisfaction in, but only in, the dutiful discharge of their public functions. It may be inferred from the aforementioned that there exists a link between the universal and particular interests. The government employee would then be expected to follow a code of ethics consolidating profession al virtue and integrity. Another utility of this is that by doing so, their self confidence and motivation will rise. This is relevant for any professional in any country. Integrity can be achieved through self control in administrative conduct based on ethical standards.THE IMPERATIVE FOR RESPONSIVENESS According to Hegel (1967), public servants worked solely for the state and not for society as it was the first, which determined the choice of citizens. The society as opposed to this was viewed by Hegel as being a total of specific and contrasting desires. This then became the sphere of the particular, of concrete persons with their own private systems of needs and the efforts to satisfy them. Whereas the state served the general interest, civil society was the state of partial interests.In this somehow dichotomous idea of social construction, individuals actualize themselves while partaking in various activities in civil society and in becoming something definite, that is, some thing specifically particularized (Hegel, 1967). The state, however, with its system of governance and law provides the underlying conditions by which individuals and their actions may find their fullest fulfillment. For that reason, the state was for Hegel the actuality of the ethical idea, that is the unity of the universal and the particular.Hegels ideas could be more properly comprehended if it is considered that he lived in a nation where many of the people were basically subjects with no role in the functioning of the government and hence a political life and convention such as the English have had was almost negligible. His work was an effort to spread awareness among the Germans about the political aspects of life. Gellner (1996) and Argyriades (1998) observe that without an expressive and self-sustaining civil society, no political life and even less democratic polity is likely to grow and flourish.Hence, civil society has been thought of as one of the most crucial requisi tes for freedom and democracy. The idea that was advocated by the beginning of the twenty-first century was that the state must neither direct civil society nor be submissive to it. Rather it should stress and pitch in the task of building social capital to the advantage of the human race which is involved. Hence, juggling an alert state and an wide awake civil society poses a good plan for improving the standards and the future for democratic tasks.In this respect, the civic virtue of ethical reasoning in state action entails that public institutions be responsive Radhika 29 to society and pay attention to the needs and demands of the people, facilitating access to services and creating an enabling environment for sustainable human and social development. (Bovens, 1998) states, on the qui vive is not confined to market authorities but is majorly involved in the citizens role in to every extent and in every spirit level of the government, and it also involves giving power to peo ple in human groups.Responsiveness also entails consultation in governance and the promotion of a kind of communicative ethic (Habermas, 1987) in societal affairs. The transition, however cumbersome it may be, from the command type of authority over people to more communicative types of reasoning and administration of things seems to emerge as a radical paradigm shift in societal affairs. In this context, civil society not only furnishes the state with needs and demands of an individual nature, but also with valuable sources of information, feedback criticism and paygrade of performance.Therefore, notions like decentralization, de-bureaucratization, privatization and citizen participation loom large in the repertoire of reform programmes and practices of many contemporary administrative systems, and affect the interface between civil society and the state. It also influences the interaction between the state and the civil society. (Buchanan, 1985) observes that society has ceased t o be just the concern of state actors and molded by bureaucracy, on the contrary it is now in the purview of the active citizens concern.Naturally, a countrys view of public administration reflects its underlying philosophy of society and the state (Chapman, 1959). State officials are affected by the way the public at large regards them. Eventually, civil servants forming a pump-class profession, par excellence, acquire the features that society expects of them. Public administration forms a partial politics in the societal complex it is part of the state, which is subject to a distinct ethic of responsibility in the Weberian sensevis-a-vis the society. The ideas of alertness and accountability and answerability have some similarity.These ideas also have overlaps. In spite of the number of meanings they have, it cannot be ignored that the basic aspect concerns duty and the preparedness of civil servants to honestly rationalize and defend their moves for public good. NEW ETHICAL A PPROACH Denhardt and Denhardt (2002) argue that public administrators influence, and are influenced by, all of the competing standards, values, and preferences of the complex governance system. These variables not only influence, and are influenced by, public administrators they also represent points of accountability.They plead for a new public service instead of new public management under the slogan serving rather than twisting. Maesschalk (2001) defines the new public service approach as a viable third alternative to the observed dichotomy between the old public administration and the new public management, paying considerable attention to the development of a new ethic for public servants. The new public service authors largely join the traditionalist group in their negative assessment of the ethical consequences of NPM reforms.They propose new mechanisms in which the primary role of the public servant is to help citizens articulate and meet their shared interests rather than to attempt to control or steer society. It is necessary to have a management which makes available the standardization of professional ethical values, and an Aristotelian procedure of absorbing constant adjustments. This achievement resides in true ethics-based politics, which is standardized and universal. It is a must to move from agonistic bureaucratic demands to more agreement-based behaviour for public good.Thus the current reality needs creative methods and clubbed techniques. Hence we remember that a public governance moral structuring could include the following aspects 1) Instruments for answerability 2) Supervising systems through topical anesthetic and outside question forms 3) Forging of helpful measures to motivate moralistic attitudes award ethical acts 4) Application of audited account techniques at an Intergovernmental level 5) Official socialization (for example, structuring, knowledge and guidance) 6) Establishing of whistle-blowing mechanisms cautiously 7) A greater plea for an active citizenry. ) Outlining managerial tasks 9) Effective communication. Management of ethics The concept of ethics is naturally reliant on authoritative political desire. In this manner there is sufficient scope to establish a holistic moral code in an inclusive, organised fashion. Stand-alone steps are of no use. By evolving certain mechanisms for moral functioning, one can provide solutions for conflict of ethics, difficulties, and other scenarios.It is also helpful to encourage the growth of instruments and techniques which can predict difficulties related to ethics and beneficial to propose solutions in a more agreeable manner. Unsurprisingly, the basic principle and aim of worthy administrations are, according to Aristotle, to habituate citizens and civil workers to the inculcation of virtue. This is validated by the events in states, for law makers who mould citizens to act properly by inculcating good habits in them. It is the desire of every law maker and as for 0 J. Public Adm. Policy Res. those who cannot succeed this is what distinguishes an effective polity from a bad one. Aristotle is of the view that the main role of the governor is to facilitate moral literacy for citizens. To be able to do so, he or she will need a lot of awareness, knowledge of virtue, and that kind of awareness can only come through a perpetual quest and enquiry about things and acts. Morality is basically about questioning. This is the main advantage of human life else it is an unworthy life.Life which has not been exposed to tests is unacceptable to humans tell Socrates, in his exceptional Apology (38 A) for a moralistic stand in life. Dealing with administration ethical dilemmas in public Hart (1961) states that at the time of facing basic queries about what to do and which manner to behave in conglomerate scenarios and the degree to which opposed values or choice factors could be used in the scenario, one ventures in the region of ethical confusi ons or of hard choices. A dilemma is a concept which is broader and more exacting than a problem no matter how tough or complicated it is.The reason is that dilemmas, unlike problems, cannot be solved in the terms in which they are initially presented to the decision-maker. world entangled in a dilemma, the choice-maker is not just confronted with contradictory and unwanted substitutes, worse, the impossibility of their being matched also means that they are separate in the sense that one can only be fulfill if the other is not taken care of. Hence a scenario of a dilemma could result a no-win game in which the decision of one worthy substitute is always adhered to by the negation of the other.Addressing the dilemma in such a fashion would then be an opposition in terms and an mania as the answer which is arrived at would appear to be no good and signify a get by break-up of the entangled factors of the matters to be solved. A difficulty could however be managed properly if the conditions of reference changed and the entire scenario was restructured so that focus be given to all options which are organised and connected among themselves in a more orderly and sensible way. Obviously, dilemmas are many in complicated establishments, which cannot solve them properly.As an outcome, state officials and civil servants witnessing crispy dilemmas cannot but help being confused and embarrassed unwillingly. In such scenario, public governance rather than operating in the manner in which it is supposed to, lapses into a condition of chaos and uncertainty. It is in this case that moral ambiguity and lack of lucidity about large values to direct choices and tasks in hard events may cause unbridled scepticism and a cynical attitude. Naturally, dilemmas abound in complex organizations, which fail to tackle them effectively.As a result, state officials and civil servants exposed to acute dilemmas can hardly help succumbing to a state of confusion and embarrassment in wh ich they are often quite unwillingly thrust. In circumstances like these public administration instead of functioning as a well ordered state of legitimate purposes degenerates into a state of confusion and indeterminacy. It is then that the case of ethical vagueness and lack of clarity about overall values to guide action and choices in hard cases comes about in administration.But if everything stands and anything goes, then nothing can be taken seriously, neither ethics and values nor rights and duties of public servants and citizens alike. The growing group of basic tenets or aspects that unite and restructure the procedure of handling ethical dilemmas in public governance are (1) democratic answerability of governance, (2) the application of law and the notion of legality, (3) official honesty, and (4) alertness to civil society needs. proof Even prior to the close of the twentieth century, it was apparent that states, governments, and public entities were venturing into an era of change.This was basically a goal of change and not a model-based shift from dictatorial, centrally-powerful states to increasingly free and consultative kinds of social communication between the people and the administrators. A different set of equations between politics, economy, culture, and civil society has been the trigger for new research on more inputs and restructuring of the responsibilities of the state and those of the public services with regard to the society and the economy. The planning for moral improvement in the public sector throws up uge questions impacting the nature of democracy, law, motivation and ethics in the public domain, and the states communication with civil society. There is not much uncertainty that clashing demands can make governance appear inconsistent. As a matter of fact, every one of the ALIR requirements for moralistic rationalizing if taken to its constitutional would be a big hurdle rather than an asset. Some disagreements between con stituents of an entity which upset the state of larger conditions can only be set right if justice at par is given to every one of them or rather if it dispenses what is apt to all.Not surprisingly, for Aristotle justice is the balance of passions and actions, and moral virtues reside in middle states (Lasswell, 1971). The basic aim would therefore be not the triumph of one principle or ethical imperative over the other, but rather the reduction of incongruence among them and the provision of conditions for their harmonious coexistence, mutual support and antonymous fulfillment. Turning mutually exclusive dilemmas into solvable problems would then require a holistic and reflexive approach to Radhika 31 ethical reasoning.Thus modernity and change in public administration is not just applicable towards the civil society but also the civil service and public administration in a number of different ways both locally and internationally. Therefore when it comes to public administration, ethics must provide a fair degree of flexibility when it comes to framing a rational decision. It can be seen that public administrators are best placed to answer someones need. Thus, there is a pressing need to place morality and ethics first in the public administration of today. 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